Revolutions in the Americas

1. Revolutions in the Americas Central and South America/United States

2. Reason for Independence in Latin and South America • Ethnic and cultural differences of people there • Reforms imposed by Europeans • Inspired by French and American Revolutions

3. Haiti • Declaration of Rights of Man in France allowed for voting rights for all free men including mulattoes • French settlers there did not want this • Toussaint L’Ouverture – led revolution against French settlers • Became a hero in Hispaniola • Napoleon sent general to put down revolution • Armistice made – French broke it and put Toussaint in prison • 1804 – Independence from France declared

4. Mexican Independence • Movement started when Spain was conquered by Napoleon • Father Hidalgo – made first call for independence • He included all of the mixed groups of Mexico • Wanted revolution against Peninsulares • Peninsulares = colonists in Mexico who born in Spain • Executed by Spanish once they realized he was behind revolt • Hidalgo inspired: • Jose Maria Morelos – organized Mexican Congress and led troops who took parts of Mexico and made them independent • Not all mixed groups wanted independence • Creoles led a counter-revolution and put a Creole leader Augustin I in power as emperor and declared Mexico its own country

5. South American Movements • Simon Bolivar – He led a revolution against Spanish Authority in area known as Gran Columbia • Never could spread further into South America • Jose de San Martin – fought for independence in Southern part of South America primarily in Argentina • Conquered Chile • Resigned his leadership to Simon Bolivar • Pedro I – led Brazil to independence without much violence

6. United States Grows • Louisiana Purchase – gave the U.S. land up to the Mississippi River after buying it from France • Monroe Doctrine – made the Americas off limits to new foreign colonies • Texas Annexation: • Colonies of Americans set up by Moses Austin in Texas Territory • Texas becomes state in U.S. in 1845 • Mexican American War – gave U.S. the American Southwest • Manifest Destiny – Americans felt they had God-given right to settle all lands west of Mississippi River • Found Gold in California • Forced Native Americans off their land – Trail of Tears • Reservations set up in the Plains and Natives lost much of their freedom

7. Civil War in America • Causes: • Fight for states rights vs. federal laws • Slavery became the point of contention • Some states felt they needed slave labor to keep their economy • Industrialized Northern States felt slave labor should be abolished • Kansas-Nebraska Act – caused trouble because people felt leaving idea of slave labor up to states was wrong • Succession – started with South Carolina • Followed election of Abraham Lincoln – was anti-slavery

8. War Details • Started in April 1861 • Started with firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina • Lasted for 4 years – over 500,000 troops died from battle or disease • Emancipation Proclamation – Declaration made by Lincoln during the Civil War that pronounced all slaves were seen as free by the Union Armies of the North • Gettysburg – turning point of the war in Pennsylvania where Union forces saw themselves actually winning the war • 1865 – Confederates surrender to Union at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia

9. Effects of the Civil War • Southern economy and property was ruined • Forced Reconstruction movement – had to rebuild roads, railroads, and industry in the South • Many constitutional laws passed to help settle disagreements among people of the United States • Civil Rights Movement begins: • 14th Amendment – citizenship given to all free slaves • 15th Amendment – voting rights not denied based on race • Southern States did not abide by all laws but were readmitted to Union anyway

10. Questions #1 • Why did Revolution in occur in South and Central America? • What inspired the Haitian movement for independence from France? • Who led the Haitian Independence movement? • Who made the first call for independence in Mexico?

11. Question #2 • What are Peninsulares? • Who did Hidalgo inspire? • What group did not want total freedom from Spain? • What three men led revolutions in South America?

12. Questions #3 • What 4 ways did America expand itself? • What were the 4 main causes of the Civil War • When and where did the Civil War begin and end? • What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

13. Questions #4 • What battle was the turning point of the Civil War? • What were the effects of the Civil War on America? • What was done by the following Amendments: • 14th Amendment? • 15th Amendment?