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Changes in the Americas

Changes in the Americas. Latin American Independence. Linked closely with European activities Napoleon effect: 1804 forces King of Spain out, brother in Dynamics shift dramatically Loyalists in Latin America rejecting French rule Establish juntas, local elite group

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Changes in the Americas

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  1. Changes in the Americas

  2. Latin American Independence • Linked closely with European activities • Napoleon effect: • 1804 forces King of Spain out, brother in • Dynamics shift dramatically • Loyalists in Latin America rejecting French rule • Establish juntas, local elite group • Goal: keep things going until Spanish regain control • Opportunistic Republicans see an opening

  3. Closer to Independence • Elites cautious about seeking independence • Difficult fight ahead • Unification amongst diverse population needed • Loyalists unlikely to yield control • Penisulares pose road block; control church and state • Criollos want to take charge of trading activities

  4. Someone Takes the Lead • Simón Bolívar leads charge in Venezuela • Gained support of conservative junta • Sent as a representative to London and Washington 1810 • Backfires, lobbies British for support towards his own view of independence independence • Venezuela declares independence 1811

  5. Cont…. • New republic has a rude awakening • Problems with racial, ethnic, and regional divisions • Missing “Venezuelan” identity • Constitution is limiting • Restricts voting rights • Does not abolish slavery • Ilaneros feeling infringed upon

  6. Cont… • 1812 earthquake shakes things up • Loyalists see opportunity • Bolívar sets out on a 12 year military campaign • “war to the death” • New approach; align with the disenfranchised • Elites suspicious of new coalition • Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo, king back in place

  7. Bolívar Beyond Venezuela • Travelled all over Latin America assisting in the fight for independence • Partnered with José de San Martín of Argentina • Skilled military man • Parted ways • Victory completed in 1824 at the Battle of Ayacucho • Question? How was independence from Spain going to equate to liberty for the diverse population

  8. Mexico’s Journey Towards Independence • Removal of king saw a uprising from the peasant class • Little support from the criollos • Father Hidalgo leads the revolt, in the name of justice for the oppressed • Executed 1811, Spanish loyalists remain in control

  9. Cont…. • Conservatives lead next “revolt”, fearing reform from Spain • Independence comes in 1821, but no social or economic reform, change in leadership • Effects from fight devastating • Power shifted hands due to incompetence • Antonio López de Santa Anna takes the helm • Goal: dictatorship • Roadblock: James Polk and Manifest Destiny

  10. La Reforma • Mexico in shambles after Mexican-American War • Santa Anna ousted by disgruntled by elite class • Liberalism raises in popularity • Benito Juárez leads fight against conservatives, War of Reform • Establishes constitution • Checks and balances for government • Equality before the law • Restriction of influence for church and military

  11. Results • Ensuing debt opens door for French • Juárez strays from platform of liberalism, moves towards dictatorship • Porfirio Diáz takes over in 1876 • Supported economic growth • Combined authoritarian rule with open market activities • Peasant class sinking deeper into despair

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