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Problems in the Americas

Problems in the Americas. Ch. 25. Independence in Latin America. Economic problems in Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas began to emerge Roots of Revolution

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Problems in the Americas

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  1. Problems in the Americas Ch. 25

  2. Independence in Latin America • Economic problems in Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas began to emerge • Roots of Revolution • Wealthy colonial residents of Latin America were frustrated by the political and economic power of colonial officials and angered by high taxes • Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers and American and French Revs

  3. Spanish South America • Venezuela Revolution • creole-led revolutionary junta declared independence in • 1811 • Simon Bolivar- leader • Used his personality to attract allies • Defeated Spain in 1824

  4. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) • Led independence movement in South America • Rebels against Spanish rule 1811, forced into hiding • Forms alliances with many creole leaders • Gran Columbia • Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador form Gran Colombia • Strong political differences cause it to disintegrate • Elite benefit from revolutions • Beneficiary was meant to be lower class

  5. Mexico 1810-1823 • Spain’s richest colony • Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla • Priest • Began Mexican Revolution • September 16, 1810 • After his death, Jose Maria Morales took over • 1821, Mexico declares independence • 1823, Mexico became a republic

  6. Brazil • Due to unrest, King of Portugal left Brazil to deal with problems at home • Left his son in charge • Pedro I (son) declared Brazil ‘s independence in 1822 • Named himself king • Pedro I abdicated in 1831 do to poor leadership and left son, Pedro II, in charge • Pedro II ruled until 1889

  7. The Problem of Old Order • Constitutional Experiments • Newly independent nations had trouble establishing stable governments • Everyone wanted a constitution, many were unworkable

  8. Problems in Latin America • Governments • determine role of the Church • Limit military power • Wrote constitutions and elected assemblies before independence was achieved

  9. United States • Played no major role in world history until mid 1800s • Monroe Doctrine- warned against European involvement in Americas • Really the British that kept others out • Due to rapid expansion, US became a symbol of freedom to Europeans

  10. United States cont. • 1840s- wave of immigration • Irish and Germans • Civil War (1861-1865) was crucial event • Industrialization

  11. Canada • Area won by Britain in wars with France in 1700s • Religious differences between the two caused uprisings • By 1839, Britain began granting self-rule • Canada established own laws, but remained attached to empire • Hostilities eased with creation of Quebec • Primarily French speaking

  12. Personalists • Rely on their personal ability to gather and lead masses • In Latin America, personalists were called caudillos (Mostly wealthy creole aristocrats.) • Andrew Jackson- US • Jose Antonio Paez- Venezuela

  13. Foreign Intervention • Mexico • Owed money to France • Used this as an excuse to invade (1862) • French forced president Benito Juarez out • Replaced him with Maximilian • Juarez drove French out in 1867

  14. Native Peoples • Limited expansion to prevent conflict with Amerindians • 1830, US passed Indian Removal Act • Caste War in Central America • Mayan rebelled against government • Yucatan was returned to Maya

  15. Social and Economic Change

  16. Latin American Society • 30,000 peninsulares, colonial officials from Iberian peninsula • 3.5 million criollos (creoles), born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese descent • Privileged class, but grievances with peninsulares • 1810-1825 led movements for creole-dominated republics • 10 million others • African slaves, mixed-race populations

  17. Emergence of Ideologies • Conservatisms • Favored slow evolution of society • Liberalism • Manage, not stifle, social change

  18. Slavery • Push for abolition • Several nations abolished slavery • Britain- 1834 • US-1865 • Puerto Rico- 1873 • Cuba- 1886

  19. Immigration • Between 1500-1760, African slaves outnumbered European immigrants 2 to 1 • 19th cent- European immigrants= majority • After 1850, Asian immigration increased • 1849-1875 • 100,000 Chinese • 120,000 Cubans

  20. Difficulties • Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882 • Head tax in Canada • Italians= criminals • Jews= banned from schools

  21. Women’s Rights • Women’s Rights Convention • Seneca Falls, NY • Sarah Grimke • Women began working outside the home

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