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The Nation Expands

The Nation Expands. The Louisiana Purchase. Purchased from France in 1803 Gave US control of New Orleans, Mississippi River Doubled size of the country Paid about $.03/acre. Lewis & Clark Expedition. Jefferson had ordered expedition even before US bought Louisiana Territory

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The Nation Expands

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  1. The Nation Expands

  2. The Louisiana Purchase • Purchased from France in 1803 • Gave US control of New Orleans, Mississippi River • Doubled size of the country • Paid about $.03/acre

  3. Lewis & Clark Expedition • Jefferson had ordered expedition even before US bought Louisiana Territory • “Corps of Discovery” launched from Pittsburgh in August 1804 • 33 men, 32 of whom survived • Gathered samples of minerals, plants, and animals • Reached Pacific Ocean in December 1805 • Returned to St. Louis in September 1806

  4. Meriwether Lewis • 1774 – 1809 • Former soldier • Jefferson’s personal aide • Later governor of the Louisiana Territory • Died from gunshot wounds – was it suicide, or murder?

  5. William Clark • 1770 – 1838 • Veteran of the Northwest Indian Wars • Later fought in War of 1812, made governor of the Missouri Territory, head of Bureau of Indian Affairs

  6. Sacagawea • 1778 – 1812 • Shoshone Indian • Wife of a French fur-trader who joined the expedition • Served as a translator and guide • Later settled in St. Louis and died of unknown causes

  7. Pike Expedition

  8. Zebulon Pike • 1779 – 1813 • Career soldier, from a military family • Sent out on 2 missions of exploration • Captured by Spanish • Killed during War of 1812

  9. The Oregon Trail • Lewis & Clark’s and Pike’s expeditions opened the way for American settlers to move to the Pacific coast • Between 1840s and late 1860s, tens of thousands of settlers traveled the Oregon Trail (and others) • Went into disuse once railroads became extensive

  10. The Missouri Compromise (1820) • 1819: Missouri (which allowed slavery) applied for statehood • US was balanced with 11 slave states, 11 free states • US agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state but also admitted Maine as a free state to keep balance • Congress also drew a line through Louisiana Territory – north of the line, no slavery; south of the line would allow slavery • Compromise driven by Henry Clay of Kentucky (War Hawk)

  11. Indian Removal Act (1830) • Pres. Jackson wanted all Indians removed from the east and forced into the Great Plains • Most Native groups relented and moved west, but the Cherokee resisted

  12. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) • Cherokee sued government • Supreme Court agreed that the Cherokee were a separate nation which the US had signed treaties with and were therefore not bound by state law • Pres. Jackson refused to enforce the court’s decision

  13. The Trail of Tears • Forced removal of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations from the east to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) • 46,000 Indians moved, thousands died along the way, especially among the Cherokee

  14. Mexican Independence (1821)

  15. Stephen F. Austin • 1793 – 1836 • “Father of Texas” • Arrived in Texas in 1825 with large group of American settlers • Died of pneumonia while serving as first Sec. of State for the independent Republic of Texas

  16. War of Texan Independence (1835-6) • Settlers angered over Mexico’s efforts to discourage further Americans from moving to Texas and high tariffs placed on goods imported from US

  17. Sam Houston • 1793 – 1863 • Veteran of War of 1812 • Led Texan army in fighting for independence from Mexico • 2 time President of Republic of Texas, later US Senator and Gov. of state of Texas • City of Houston named after him

  18. Battle of the Alamo • Feb. 1836 • Around 200 Texans held off 6000 Mexican soldiers for 13 days before being wiped out – Mexican Gen. Santa Anna ordered no prisoners be taken • “Remember the Alamo!” becomes Texans battle cry

  19. Battle of Goliad • March 1836 • Mexican forces overwhelmed force of 342 Texans, who surrendered • Santa Anna ordered them all executed • Further galvanized Texans

  20. Battle of San Jacinto • April 1836 • Sam Houston’s forces defeated the Mexican army by attacking during siesta • Santa Anna was captured by Texans, forced to sign treaty granting Texas independence

  21. The Republic of Texas • “The Lone Star Republic” • 1836 – 1845 • Texans voted to ask to join US, but northern states blocked the move to avoid adding more territory where slavery was allowed • US did recognize Texas as a nation separate from Mexico

  22. Election of 1844 • Whig Party: Henry Clay • Democratic Party: James K. Polk • Polk promised to annex Texas, but balance it by also annexing the Oregon Territory in the north; he also promised to try to buy California from Mexico • Polk won

  23. Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) • Settled dispute between US and Britain over the border between US and Canada from Maine to Minnesota

  24. James K. Polk • 1795 – 1849 • 11th President • Born in NC, UNC grad • Promised to serve only 1 term, and kept his promise • Would successfully add Oregon Territory, Texas, California, and the Southwest to US • Died of cholera only 3 months after leaving office

  25. “Manifest Destiny” • Term coined by magazine editor John Louis O’Sullivan in 1845 • Idea that Americans had been given North America by God, who wanted them to settle it all and push out Indians, Mexicans

  26. 54-40 or Fight!

  27. Annexation of Oregon • June 1846 • Britain and US peacefully resolved their dispute over where the boundary should lie between US and Canada in the Oregon Territory, splitting the region along the 49th parallel

  28. Texas annexed • 1845: Texas admitted to the Union as a slave state • Mexico furious, broke off diplomatic relations with US • Dispute arose over where the southern border was between Texas and Mexico

  29. Polk tries to buy California • Polk sent an envoy, John Slidell, to Mexico City with an offer to purchase California • Mexicans refused to even meet with Slidell • All chances of a peaceful exchange died, US would go to war with Mexico

  30. The Mexican War (1846-48) • Polk ordered US troops under Zachary Taylor to secure the Texas border • Mexico considered this an act of war, attacked US force • May 13, 1846: US declared war on Mexico

  31. The Mexican War (1846-48)

  32. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo • Feb. 1848 • Mexico surrendered after US forces captured Mexico City • Ended the Mexican War • Mexico ceded 500,000 sq. miles of territory (California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico) • Mexico accepted Rio Grande as southern border of Texas • In return, US paid Mexico $15 million and assumed $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to US citizens

  33. Mexican cession

  34. Wilmot Proviso • Proposal by Rep. David Wilmot that slavery not be allowed in any territories gained by the US from Mexico • Angered southerners, reopened slavery argument • Failed to pass the Senate

  35. Gold Rush of 1849 • Gold discovered in California in 1848 • Surge of 80,000 new settlers flooded California (called ’49ers) over the next year, hoping to get rich quick • Growth in population led California to apply for statehood

  36. Compromise of 1850 • If California joined as a free state, the balance in Congress would be upset • Henry Clay of KY proposed a series of compromises between North and South that would allow California to become a state • Plan was opposed by John C. Calhoun of SC, but backed by Daniel Webster of MA

  37. Northerners got: California admitted as a free state New Mexico won territory from Texas, limiting Texas’ size Slave trade in Washington DC banned Southerners got: “popular sovereignty”: each future state would get to decide for itself on slavery Texas’ debts to southerners would be paid by US gov’t Slave ownership in Washington DC remained legal Congress not allowed to interfere in domestic slave trade Strong Fugitive slave laws allowed southerners to recover runaway slaves in the north Compromise of 1850

  38. Gadsden Purchase • 1853: US purchases 30,000 sq. mile strip of Mexico for $10 million • Land was needed to build a southern transcontinental railroad from New Orleans to California

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