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A DECADE OF RECOVERY EUROPE IN THE 1920S

A DECADE OF RECOVERY EUROPE IN THE 1920S. The War’s End: 11 November 1918 Monuments to the dead Yearly commemorations. FAILED REVOLUTIONS. In Germany: “Spartakists” vs. “Free-corps” Liebknecht executed, Luxemburg lynched In Hungary:

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A DECADE OF RECOVERY EUROPE IN THE 1920S

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  1. A DECADE OF RECOVERYEUROPE IN THE 1920S The War’s End: 11 November 1918 Monuments to the dead Yearly commemorations

  2. FAILED REVOLUTIONS • In Germany: “Spartakists” vs. “Free-corps” Liebknecht executed, Luxemburg lynched • In Hungary: Bela-Kun’s nationalizations vs. Romanian army repression

  3. Who will foot the bill ? • Britain and France owed gigantic sums by Russia • Britain and France owe still greater sums, principally to the USA • The Soviets refuse to recognize the debts of the Tsar… • The US refuse to reschedule.. • So, let Germany pay…

  4. THE VERSAILLES TREATY • Signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles • 440 articles in 15 parts – Art. 231 war guilt clause -- 132 billion gold marks • Three main areas: • Territorial losses – Alsace-Lorraine and colonies • Financial losses – heavy fines/war reparations • Military losses – Military abolished. No big standing army

  5. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE PEACE • Maynard Keynes: Versailles Treaty is wrong. Price is too high for • Moral reasons -- Germany was conned • Political reasons -- G. necessary to European equilibrium. • Financial reasons -- Debt burden overvalued • Economic reasons -- Allies overestimate G.’s capacity to pay back

  6. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE LEGACY • Covenant of the League of Nations • Wilson’s Idealism • No U.S. ratification • Weimar Germany and USSR not permitted to join

  7. CONSEQUENCES… • Central Europe • The National Question: • Territorial claims vs. disgruntled national minorities

  8. CONSEQUENCES… • Eastern Europe: liberal democracies fall prey to authoritarian regimes • Bulgaria: 1923 Military coup d’etat • Poland: 1926 coup by Joseph Pilsudski • Lithuania: 1929 one-party state • Romania: 1930 royal dictatorship • Estonia: 1934 state of emergency • Latvia: 1934 parliament dissolved

  9. CONSEQUENCES… • The Colonies • Despite fears of declining prestige in Britain and France, high tide of Western Imperialism

  10. WEIMAR REPUBLIC • Constitution: • Reichsrat – delegates of Laender • Reichstag – universal suffrage • President – 7 years • Armed with unlimited powers with art. 48 to dissolve Parliament in exceptional circumstances

  11. WEIMAR REPUBLICCHRONOLOGY • 1923: hyper-inflation • 1924: Dawes Plan – refinancing scheme • 1925: Spirit of Locarno on West. borders • 1926: Germany enters League of Nations • 1929: Young Plan – 59 year plan • 1930: 2 million unemployed

  12. WEIMAR REPUBLICCULTURAL LIFE • Expressionism in the arts • Satirical newspapers • Bertolt Brecht Theater • Berlin nightlife • Cabaret • Functional Bauhaus architecture and interior design

  13. THE CRAZY YEARS: PARIS IN THE TWENTIES • The circle of Montparnasse: bars and cafes such as Le Dome, La Coupole and Le Select English-speaking artists from the West: Dos Passos,Hemingway,the Fitzgeralds, Ezra Pound, E.E. Cummins, Sylvia Beach, Gertrude Stein, Josephine Baker, James Joyce, Samuel Beckett Diaspora refugees from the East: Diaghilev, Lipchitz, Zadkine, Soutine, Chagall

  14. PARIS IN THE TWENTIES Coco Chanel: Her clothes appealed to the modern, independent, career-woman Hair clipped short Marketing inexpensive costume jewelry The first of grands couturiers to make perfume an adjunct to fashion line 1927 Charles Lindbergh solo flight across Atlantic 33 hour ordeal. 45,000 ecstatic people at Le Bourget airport.

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