How does diversity contribute to species survival?

1. How does diversity contribute to species survival? Biodiversity – topic 1

2. Examining Diversity • A species is a particular group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with each other. • Scientists estimate there are between 30 - 100 million kinds of living things living today • Identified species • 1.5 million species of animals • 350 000 species of plants that have been identified by biologists. • About 1/5 of species are insects

3. All living things … • are made up of cells • need energy • grow and develop • reproduce • have adaptations which suit them to the specific habitat in which they live.

4. Biological Diversity • Refers to all the different types of organisms on Earth. • There are so many living things, that scientists need to examine them in smaller groups • With your table group, discuss: ‘Why do so many different types of organisms exist on Earth today? Be ready to share!

5. How do we classify living things? • The two-name Latin naming system for all living things was developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century, enabling scientists, around the world, to refer to the same species, by the same name. • This classification system was much more reliable than previous systems, because he used structure, rather than habitat. • Two words identify each organism. • The 1st represents the organisms genus and the 2nd represents the organisms particular species.

6. The 5 kingdom classification system can be further subdivided, with each sub-division having its own name. • Kingdom = Animal • phylum = chordata • class = mamalia • order = carnivora • family = canidae • genus = canis • species = familiaris

7. Diversity between Ecosystems • Ecosystem: The living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors in an environment. What are some biotic and abiotic factors in our school yard? • There are many different ecosystems on Earth (ex. Boreal forest, prairie, mountains, grasslands, etc.) • Each ecosystem is very different, and these differences affect the number and type of species that can live there.

8. Diversity within Ecosystems • In each ecosystem, there is a wide variety of different living things. • Living things that share an area and the same resources form a population. • Different populations of different species live together in communities.

9. Diversity within Species • Even within the same species, there is a great deal of diversity Look around you, is everyone in the class the same? Why do you think this is?! • There are subtle variations between individual members of a population. This is known as genetic diversity. • These variations between individuals may or may not be visible (ie. Colour, shape, size, blood type, etc)

10. How are species distributed? • There are areas of our planet that have a high number of different species, and some areas that have very few? • Why do you think this might be? • Where do you think the greatest diversity might be? Lowest?

11. Niches • A niche is the role of an organism within a particular ecosystem. • An organism's niche includes: • What it eats • What eats it • Its habitat • Nesting site, range and habits • What effect it has on the other populations • What effect it has on the environment

12. Do humans have an effect on diversity? • Do the activity ‘ Exploring Wolf Population Trends’ and answer the questions.

13. No species can survive by itself

14. Symbiosis • is a close relationship between two or more different species • Sym = together • Bios = life

15. Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism 3 Types of Symbiotic Relationships:

16. Mutualism (+, +) • When both species in the relationship benefit, it is called mutualism. • The honey bee and the flower. The honeybee obtains nectar and the flower becomes pollinated.

17. Commensalism (+, 0) 2. One of the species benefit and the other does not, it is called commensalism. Sea birds exhibiting commensalism with a humpback whale. As the whale feeds, it brings a number of small fish to the surface and stuns a number of these. This picture shows how the birds benefit from the whale's efforts without affecting the whale in any way

18. Parasitism (+, -) 3. A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other species is harmed is called parasitism. • A tapeworm in a fish’s gut obtains the nutrients but may eventually kill the fish by depriving it of nutrients

19. Human Tapeworm Life Cycle of the Tapeworm

20. Try This! • Barnacles are organisms that attach themselves to whales to move throughout the different parts of the ocean. They benefit from their relationship with the whales, but the whales are not harmed, nor do they benefit. This type of symbiotic relationship is called … A. mutualism B. mycorrhizae C. parasitism D. commensalism

21. What if no one benefits? • Interspecies competitionhappens when two or more species need the same resource. • If this happens, for example 2 species compete for the same food, there is less of it for each species • This can lead to more deaths due to starvation – limiting the size of each population • This is why each organism needs a niche (remember, a niche is an organisms role) • The niche of a population in one area might be different from their niche in a different area due to food and competition • Sometimes, species can divide a resource up so they can all use it – called resource partitioning

22. Do Now! • Vocabulary • Symbiosis sheet

23. Variation Within Species • Individuals in a species can adapt to different situations • Behavioural adaptations are the behavioural changes of a species that makes the species better able to reproduce and survive. • Behavioural changes include: mating, migrating, and sleep patterns. • Some adaptations are structural. Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism that make the species better able to reproduce and survive.

24. Polar Bears have adapted their body parts to survive in the Arctic. • For example, they have short ears and a short tail to reduce heat loss.  They have black skin to absorb the maximum heat from the sun. 

25. Variability and Survival • A healthy ecosystem has a great deal of genetic diversity among the species that inhabit them. • Variability is essential for species survival. If the environment changes the species with a great deal of variation is more likely to survive. • Species that are different are more able to resist: disease, new predator, toxic substances, elimination of a food source.

26. Variation between species • Lynx and Bobcat

27. Variation between species • Eastern honey bee Western honey bee

28. Variation between species

29. Do Now! • Activity: Which Characteristics Are Most Common?

30. Natural Selection proposed by Charles Darwin(1809-1882) He Sailed around the world 1831-1836

34. What did Darwin’s Travels reveal • The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously known!! • These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution!!

35. 3.How did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos? • Each island had its own type of tortoises and birds that were clearly different from other islands

36. Galapagos Turtles

37. Another Example of Natural Selection • Dr. Charles Brown studied a colony of swallows for 17 years. During a cold spell 30,000 birds or about half of the colony died of starvation. He wondered why some birds died and others did not. He measured the beaks, wings, and legs of the dead birds and the surviving birds. • He discovered that the surviving birds were larger (bigger beaks and legs) and the surviving birds were more symmetrical. • Dr. Brown hypothesized that the bigger birds were selected for survival because they were larger allowing them to store more fat and their symmetry allowed them to forage with less energy loss.

38. Do Now! • Activity: Beak of the Finch