Writing & Grammar

1. Writing & Grammar Chapter 1 The Writing Process pp. 1-27

2. Planning • Choosing your topic • Listing • Questioning • Brainstorming

3. Planning • Choosing your topic • Freewriting • Interviewing

4. Planning • Narrowing your topic • Considering your audience • Determining your purpose

5. Planning • Gathering information

6. 1.1 Practice the Skill 1. What is the purpose of this paragraph? to give a brief history of the yo-yo

7. 1.1 Practice the Skill 2. Who is the intended audience for this paragraph? anyone not familiar with the yo-yo’s history

8. 1.1 Practice the Skill 3. What kind of person probably wrote this paragraph? a yo-yo enthusiast

9. Planning • Outlining the paper • Tentative outline • Outline forms • Topic outline • Sentence outline

10. 1.2 Practice the Skill National Holidays Christian Holidays A. Easter B. Christmas

11. Drafting • Choosing a mode • Mode is the term given to the form or method of writing.

12. Drafting • Four basic modes: • Descriptive • Expository • Narrative • Persuasive

13. Drafting • Other modes: • Academic • Personal

14. Drafting • Crafting a thesis statement, topic sentences, and a concluding sentence

15. Drafting • The thesis statement expresses the main idea of your entire piece in a single sentence.

16. Thesis Statements • Due to the political climate of the early 1900s, many of Booker T. Washington’s policies were based primarily on pragmatism. • For beauty and for grandeur, few sights are more impressive than the Grand Canyon. • In The Scarlet Letter, the character Pearl represents man’s conscience.

17. Thesis Statements • Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederacy. • Far from wholesome, today’s children’s videos often glorify bad behavior, showing children who are disobedient, disrespectful, and irresponsible.

18. A Thesis for a Persuasive Paper • Gather ideas • Topic: Euthanasia • Think about all sides of the topic.

19. A Thesis for a Persuasive Paper • Research question: Should euthanasia be practiced? (Note the yes or no answer.) • Your assertion (your position on the debatable topic): • Euthanasia should not be practiced. • Physicians should not practice euthanasia.

20. A Thesis for a Persuasive Paper • Your concession (although clause which introduces your thesis, concedes in some legitimate way to a valid point from the other side of the argument): • Although certain people believe euthanasia ends suffering • Although euthanasia ends suffering

21. A Thesis for a Persuasive Paper • Put it together (concession clause, assertion): • Although euthanasia ends suffering, physicians should not practice euthanasia.

22. Restatement of Thesis for a Persuasive Paper • Even though + concession (stated differently), + assertion (stated differently) • Restatement of Thesis (first sentence of the conclusion): Even though mercy-killing terminates pain, doctors should not terminate life under the guise of euthanasia. • Thesis (last sentence of the introduction): Although euthanasia ends suffering, physicians should not practice euthanasia.

23. Drafting • A topic sentence is similar to a thesis statement in that it expresses the main idea of a paragraph in a single sentence.

24. 1.3 Use the Skill Topic sentence: History records the inventiveness of man in his attempts to improve vision before the advent of modern eyeglasses.

25. 1.4 Use the Skill Concluding sentence: These surreal-looking lights foretelling the dawn result from logical, scientific causes.

26. Drafting • Using the components of composition

27. Drafting • A paragraph is a group of several sentences closely related to one another and to a main idea.

28. Drafting • Using the components of composition • Paragraph development • Supporting sentences

29. 1.5 Practice the Skill Type of paragraph development: comparison/contrast

30. 1.6 Review the Skill Type of paragraph development: fact

31. Drafting • Paragraph organization • Chronological order • Spatial order • Order of importance

32. Drafting • Paragraph organization • Cause-and-effect order • Comparison-and-contrast order

33. 1.7 Practice the Skill …to reveal shimmering water glinting in the afternoon sunlight. Straight ahead, a narrow clearing cut through the woods and revealed my…. spatial order

34. 1.8 Review the Skill Acts 8:26-40 records the conversion experience of the Ethiopian treasurer. As his chariot wound along the dusty roads, he was reading Isaiah 53:7-8…. chronological order

35. Drafting • Writing longer compositions • Introductory paragraphs • Concluding paragraphs

36. Introduction • “I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. . . . In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art” (Kass 301). Hippocrates, known by many as the “Father of Medicine,” included the above statement in his famous Hippocratic Oath. Many doctors today swear this oath, but why would they need to? In many countries in the world today such as the Netherlands, doctors practice euthanasia or physician- assisted suicide. What constitutes euthanasia? What identifies physician-assisted suicide? What distinguishes the two of them? Michele M. Mathes —Ethics Education Coordinator for the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania— refers to assisted suicide as “making available to an individual the means [. . .] to take his or her own life”: the assistor not actually killing the person (261). Assisted suicide and physician- assisted suicide differentiate in that a physician provides the means in the latter. Mathes also states that the actual act of taking a person’s life for that patient’s own good defines euthanasia • (261), also referred to as mercy-killing. Although euthanasia ends suffering, physicians should not practice euthanasia.

37. Conclusion • Although mercy-killing terminates pain, doctors should not terminate life under the guise of euthanasia. If Congress passed a law legalizing euthanasia, many would die that still would have had a chance to live. Grandparents, children, or average people could all fall prey to “mercy-killing.” Euthanasia takes a step in the wrong direction, leading ever downward to a world with no morals, a world where killing is commonplace, and a world where nobody cares.

38. Drafting • An essay is a composition usually of several paragraphs, all of which deal with the same idea.

39. Drafting • An essay usually contains an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

40. Revising • Make sure that you have accomplished what you set out to do in the planning stage. • Three main areas of revision:

41. Revising • Revising for ideas • Clarity of purpose • Interest • Unity of ideas • Coherence

42. 1.9 Use the Skill Susette La Flesche, or “Bright Eyes” (1854-1903), the daughter of an Omaha chief, found her Native American name a useful tool in campaigning for the rights of her people.

43. 1.10 Use the Skill Australia’s Great Barrier Reef attracts many tourists, especially divers, who visit after seeing beautiful pictures of the reef. Viewing the reef for the first time, however,….

44. Revising • Revising for style • Emphasis • Precise words • Conciseness • Smoothness • Fresh words

45. 1.11 Use the Skill Public speaking is a scary experience for most people. Moses too was terrified of speaking. He was to appear before the highest official in the land, Pharaoh, because God….

46. Revising • Revising for correctness: proofreading • Sentence structure • Usage • Spelling, punctuation, capitalization

47. Revising • Revising for correctness: proofreading • Coherence

48. Revising • Revising for correctness: proofreading • Read a piece several times. • Read slowly. • Read aloud.

49. Revising • Revising for correctness: proofreading • Read backwards. • Read specifically.

50. Publishing • Publishing is the act of sharing your work with others. • Choosing a title