FINNIC LANGUAGES AND CULTURES IN INGRIA

1. FINNIC LANGUAGES AND CULTURES IN INGRIA FedorRozhanskiy handarey@yahoo.com

2. Finno-Ugric • Mordvinian • Mari • Permic • Lappic (Saami) Northern Finno-Permic Ugric Southern • Finnish • Khanty • Mansi • Hungarian • Estonian • Karelian • Livvi • Livonian • Ludian • Votic • Veps • Ingrian • Finnic Finnic в

3. I N G R I A

4. The brief history of Votic and Ingrian people 1069 – The first ever reference to Votians in official records (the Novgorod Chronicles). 1164-1189– The first ever reference to Ingrians in official records (a bull of Pope Alexander III to Uppsala Archibishop Stefan). 1270– Ingria became a part of the Novgorod region. The Orthodox religion started to spread among the Ingrian population (however, the elements of paganism remained till XVI century). The end of 15thcentury – Ingria became a part of the Russian State. 1617– According to the Treaty of Stolbovo Ingria became a part of Sweden.

5. 1700–1721– In the course of the Northern War Ingria was reunited with Russia.  18th – 19th centuries – Increasing influence of Russian culture and language. 1917–1920 – The Civil war on the territory of Ingria. According to the Tartu peace treaty (1920) some western parts of Ingria became a territory of Estonia. Finnic population in Ingria was granted cultural autonomy.

6. The 1930-ies– Contradictive period: 1. Support of minor nations 2. Period of repressions Ingrian is taught in school (18 primary and 5 secondary schools) since 1932. The development of orthography and school grammar. The publication of many texts books on various subjects in Ingrian. 1930-1931– Collectivization. 1937 – Ingrian schools are closed. The teachers are subjected to repressions. All remnants of the cultural autonomy are eliminated.

7. 1943– Germany and Finland signed the agreement about the deportation of Finnic population from Ingria to Finland. The deportation started in the middle of 1943: Finnish, Ingrian and Votic people from Western Ingria were taken to concentration camp Klooga in Estonia. In several weeks they were sent to Finland.

8. According to the official documents the deportation was voluntary. The relocation of people of Ingria is conducted on the basis of voluntary reports of those willing to relocate. The real situation: only inhabitants of a few villages managed to escape to the forest and avoided the deportation. The rest people were forced to relocate. Many people died on their way to Finland.

9. 1944– After the capitulation of Finland most of Ingrian and Votic people wanted to return home. Instead, they were sent to various regions of Russia by the Soviet authorities and forbidden to go to their native villages. 1945-1955– the permission to return was granted only to those people, whose close relatives served in the Soviet Army. Only after 1955 Finnic population was allowed to return to their villages. Most of their houses had been burnt or occupied by Russian families. Russians treated the Finnic population in Ingria quite badly. Attempts to speak in a native language were often suppressed by Russians, who called the Finnic people in offensive names like "talapany" and "chuhna". At school children were prohibited to speak in their native language. The older generation tried not to demonstrate their difference from Russians; the younger generation did not learn their parents’ language, because it gave no perspectives.

10. From the 1990-iestill present – A new wave of interest to the native population of Ingria: TV reports, articles in newspapers, folklore bands, festivities. 2005 – Ingrian Community is organized. Still, the older generation (i.e. the native speakers) often feels skeptical about the revival activities.

11. Population and native speakers

12. Dialects Votic Ingrian • Soikkola • Krevin • Heva • Eastern • Lower Luga • Western (Central) • Oredezhi • Western (Lower Luga) • Kukkuzi

13. Ingrian (Soikkola dialect) [d] [D] [t] [t~] [t&t] [tt] Sounds: /t/ ( /t&t/ ) /tt/ Phonemes: aiDa‘a fence:NOM’ aitta~ ‘a fence:PART’ tap&pa‘be enough:imp:2sg’ tappa‘kill:prs:3sg’

14. Lower Luga Ingrian

15. Phonetics – problem of borrowings (Votic)

16. Phonetics – problem of borrowings (Votic)

17. Phonetics – problem of borrowings (Votic) VOTIC RUSSIAN b b - bb bb - bb griba grib grib ‘mushroom’ gribba ‘mushroom:PART’

18. Vowels (Soikkola Ingrian) e% O_ o%

19. Closed long vowels e% o% O_ Proto-Finnic ie uo UO Finnish e% o% U_ Votic ie uo UO Ingrian (Lower Luga) e% o% O_ Ingrian (Lower Luga) e+% o+% O+_ Ingrian (Soikkola) J% u% U_ Ingrian (Soikkola)

20. Nominal paradigms (Soikkola Ingrian)

21. Verbal paradigm (“to do” in Soikkola Ingrian) Stems

22. Case marking of the object V + O hA_ kra%SkaiZtAmAnaija&n He has painted this fence:GEN miAoSSintAmAnleivA&n I bought this bread:GEN hA_ kra%Skaja~ tAmAnaija&n He will paint this fence:GEN hA_ ajoiSuenpoiZ He has driven a wolf:GEN away hA_ teGitAmAnkoinjoaikka He built (=made) this house:GEN (already) long ago ? Verbs with a strong Partitive government Partitive Negative constructions Partitive ? Incomplete action Partitive ? miAoSSinleipA~ I bought (some) bread:PART hA_ eikra%ZanDtADAaitta~ He has not painted this fence:PART hA_ ajoiminnua ~ miunpoiZ He has driven me:PART~GEN away hA_ kra%Skaja~ tADAaitta~ He is painting this fence:PART hA_ suvvaiZmiunSiartjoaikka He fell in love with my sister:PART (already) long ago ? Uncountable objector object expressing indefinite quantity Partitive Personal object Pronominal object Partitive Total case Nominative / Genitive / Accusative (of pronouns)

23. Case of the total object V + O hA_nostilampa~n He bought a sheep:GEN hA_ kra%SkaiZaija&n He has painted a fence:GEN hA_ kra%SkaiZheijeD He has painted them:ACC te% tAmAkoDi Build this house:NOM! hA_ kra%SkaiZaija&D He has painted fences:PL:NOM hA_ teintAmAnkoin He has built this house:GEN hO_ ossettilammEz They bought a sheep:NOM Votic and some sub-dialects of Lower Luga Ingrian

24. Language continuum Votic – Ingrian – Ingrian Finnish 1. The features that exist in one language but are not present in other languages are very rare. 2. Most features are specific for a group of sub-dialects but not for the whole language. Sub-dialect 1 Sub-dialect 2 Sub-dialect 3 Sub-dialect 4 Sub-dialect 5 Sub-dialect 6

25. Language continuum Ingrian and Votic: the “basic” roots are the same. The only exception: a verb “to speak”, which also distinguishes Votic and Ingrian from Ingrian Finnish. Ingrian lA_tA Votic pajatta Ingrian Finnish ha%sta% (luatJ%, la%tJ%)

26. Language continuum

27. “Close the oven, all the firewood has already burnt”

28. “He is from your village” FEATURES Ingrian (both dialects) Ingrian (Soikkola) Lower Luga Ingrian and Votic Votic