Lecture 4

1. Lecture 4 Consumer Choice Indifference Curve Theory

2. Outline Indifference Curve Theory • Deriving an indifference curve • The Marginal rate of substitution • The Indifference Map • What happens when things change • Changes in Income • Changes in price • Derivation of the consumer’s demand curve

3. Preferences (Review) An individual • can compare any two options and decide which is best, or if equally attractive • Makes choices that are logically consistent • Prefers more of a good to less

4. An Indifference Curve Graphical Illustration of IC Point G (20M, 1C) • Assuming give Kweku another concert. How many movies would we have to take away in order to leave him as satisfied as point G? Point H (11M, 2C) • Kweku indifferent between point G and point H Other points of indifference?

5. Number of Movies per Month If Max gets another concert… +1 20 G 11 H 6 J 4 K 3 L Number of Concerts per Month 1 2 3 4 5 Indifference Curve • Figure A.1 An Indifference Curve -9 he could give up 9 movies and be just as satisfied

6. Indifference Curve An IC represents all combinations of two goods that make a consumer equally well off. Characteristics • An IC slopes downwards • Implication? • IC is convex-shaped i.e. As we move downwards and rightwards, curve becomes flatter • Why?

7. The Marginal Rate of Substitution Absolute value of IC Slope • Maximum number of movies that Kweku willing to trade for one additional concert • E.g. At G, greatest number of movies Kweku would sacrifice for an extra concert is 9 The MRS tells us the maximum amount of good y (movies) that a consumer would willingly trade for one more unit of good x (concerts) • When the quantity of good y is measured on the vertical axis and the quantity of good x is measured on the horizontal axis

8. The Marginal Rate of Substitution As we move down the IC, the MRS gets smaller • The number of movies Kweku is willing to give away for an additional concert gets smaller and smaller • Why?

9. Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution MRSm,c (slope of IC) relatively large at G • At G, Kweku has many movies and value them lowly • Willing to give movies away for additional concerts MRSm,c (slope of IC) relatively small at L • At this point, Kweku has fewer movies and values them more highly. • Therefore, less willing to give movies away for additional concerts

10. The Indifference Map Consider point R with more movies and more concerts • Develop second indifference curve • Repeat process to trace out indifference map An Indifference Map is a set of Indifference Curves that describe Kweku’s preferences • Complete characterization of one’s preferences

11. Number of Movies per Month 1.Max prefers any point on this indifference curve… 20 G 3.And any point on this curve is preferred to any point on the other two. R 11 H 2.to any point on this one. S 6 J Number of Concerts per Month 1 2 3 An Indifference Map • Figure A.2 An Indifference Map

12. The Indifference Map Any point on a higher IC is preferred to any point below it- How do we know? • Consider points H and S • H has more movies but fewer concerts • S has more concerts but fewer movies • Why, then, is S preferred to H?

13. The Indifference Map S on IC2 is preferred to H on IC1 Examine indifference curves IC1 and IC2 • R is preferred to H • Since R has more of both goods • Kweku indifferent between R and S • Since indifferent between R and S, but prefers R to H, Kweku MUST prefer S to H! Any point on a higher IC is preferred to any point below it

14. Violations of ICs ICs should not ‘curl up’ • Implications? ICs do not cross • Implications?

15. Consumer Decision-Making Combine information on budget lines and indifference curves • Determine optimal combination of movies and concerts that Kweku should choose In order to maximise his satisfaction • Kweku will consume at a point on his BL • It will lie on the highest possible IC • Combination on the budget line for which MRSy/x= Px /Py.

16. Consumer Decision-Making At optimal point, slope of IC= slope of budget line Slope of IC • Rate at which Kweku would willingly trade movies for concerts Slope of BL • Rate at which Kweku is actually able to trade movies for concerts • Graphical Illustration

17. Number of Movies per Month 2. but point D (also affordable) is preferred because it is on a higher indifference curve. 15 12 B 9 1. Points B and E are affordable… D 6 3 E Number of Concerts per Month 1 2 3 4 5 Consumer Decision Making • Figure A.3 Consumer Decision Making with Indifference Curves

18. Consumer Decision-Making At D, • Slope of IC = slope of BL = 3 • Rate at which Kweku is willing to trade movies for an additional concert is equal to rate at which he is able to trade movies for an additional concert

19. Changes in Income • Income rises • Normal good - quantity demanded increases • Inferior good - quantity demanded decreases • Depends on the individual’s preferences, as represented by his indifference map.

20. What happens when things change?Changes in Income If Kweku income increases to Ghc 300 • BL shifts outwards Kweku will shift downwards along his BL until he is tangent with highest IC

21. Number of Movies per Month 30 1. When Max's income rises to $300, his budget line shifts outward. H’’ 2.If his preferences are shown by these two indifference curves, he'll choose point H. 15 H 12 3.But different preferences could lead him to other points like H’ or H’’ D 6 H’ Number of Concerts per Month 3 5 6 10 Changes in Income • Figure A.4 An Increase in Income

22. Income-Consumption Line For each level of income, there is an equilibrium position where IC is tangent to BL Joining up these points of equilibrium, we derive an individual’s income-consumption line • Shows how consumption bundle changes as income changes, holding prices constant • Graphical illustration

23. What happens when things change?Changes in Price If Price of concerts decreases from Ghc30 to Ghc10 • BL rotates

24. Derive the demand curve Additional decreases in the price of concerts leads to continuous rotation of the budget line • (Graphical Illustration)

25. 15 Number of Movies per Month 10 8 6 0 3 5 7 10 15 30 Price per Concert $30 10 5 3 7 10 Number of Concerts per Month Appendix: Deriving the Demand Curve • Figure A.5 Deriving the Demand Curve 1.When the price of concerts is $30, MRSm,c=Pc/Pm at point D. 2. But when the price falls to $10, this condition is satisfied at point J. K J D D 3. The demand curve shows the quantity Max chooses at each price. J K

26. Price-Consumption line Change in price of a good changes the slope of the budget line, holding price of other good constant There is an equilibrium consumption bundle for each price of the goods Joining up these equilibriums gives the price-consumption line • Line showing how a consumer’s purchases reacts to changes in price of one good, holding other price and income constant

27. Take-home Exercise 1 Using the indifference curve approach • Draw a budget line for Akwesi, who has a monthly income of Ghc100. Assume that he buys chicken and potatoes, and that chicken costs Ghc10 per pound and potatoes cost Ghc2 per pound. Add an indifference curve for Akwesi that is tangent to his budget line at the combination of 5 pounds of chicken and 25 pounds of potatoes. • Draw a new budget line for Akwesi, if his monthly income falls to Ghc80. Assume that potatoes are an inferior good to Akwesi. Draw a new indifference curve tangent to his new budget constraint that reflects this inferiority. What will happen to Akwesi’s potato consumption? What will happen to his chicken consumption?

28. Next Class Income and substitution effects Individual and market demand Wrap up