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Farm animal welfare assessment and issues (2) 農場動物 : 福利評估與論述 (2)

Farm animal welfare assessment and issues (2) 農場動物 : 福利評估與論述 (2). Module 14 模組 14. This module will enable you to 本模組教學目標. Describe the primary husbandry systems in use for farm animal production and routine mutilations used in each 介紹用來生產農場動物和常規致殘措施的主要牧場系統

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Farm animal welfare assessment and issues (2) 農場動物 : 福利評估與論述 (2)

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  1. Farm animal welfare assessment and issues (2)農場動物:福利評估與論述(2) Module 14 模組14

  2. This module will enable you to本模組教學目標 Describe the primary husbandry systems in use for farm animal production and routine mutilations used in each 介紹用來生產農場動物和常規致殘措施的主要牧場系統 Identify the primary inherent welfare issues for each production system and associated mutilations 強調每個生產系統的主要先天的福利議題與相對的致殘措施

  3. Farm animal welfare – causes of poor welfare農場動物福利 – 貧乏福利的根源 • Inherent to husbandry system 牧場系統先天的問題 • Difficult/impossible to rectify 困難或不可能矯正 • System specific 系統特有的 • Low welfare potential 低福利潛力 • Poor management/insufficient resources 管理不良/資源不足 • More easily rectified 更容易矯正 • May be poor in any system 可能所有系統都缺乏

  4. Farm animal welfare: Pigs農場動物福利:豬隻 • Sows 母豬 • Piglets 未離乳仔豬 • Weaners 離乳豬 • Fattening pigs 肥育豬

  5. Piglets: Primary welfare issues仔豬的重要福利議題 • Crushing 擠壓 • Mutilations 致殘 • Early weaning 早期斷奶

  6. Piglets: Mutilation examples仔豬致殘範例 • Teeth-clipping 剪齒 • Tail-docking 剪尾 • Castration 去勢 • Breeding 品種 • Vaccine against GnRH 抗GnRH之疫苗

  7. Piglets: Early weaning仔豬早期斷奶 • Abrupt diet change causing diarrhoea 突然的飲食改變造成腹瀉 • Loss of maternal contact 失去母親接觸 • Immature immune system and disease susceptibility 不成熟的免疫系統和疾病敏感性 • Barren environments, boredom and restriction of normal behaviour單調的環境 、厭倦及限制正常行為

  8. Piglets: Early weaning仔豬早期斷奶

  9. Husbandry systems: 畜產系統Fattening pigs 1 肥育豬1 • Fully slatted 完全使用木條地板 • Partially slatted – solid lying area and slatted dunging area部份木條地板 - 固定躺臥區和木條排糞區 • Concrete – separate lying and dunging areas, scraped slurry channel水泥地板 - 分離式躺臥及排糞區，刮漿渠道 • Straw or substrate-based以稻草或基質為基礎的地板 • Outdoor 戶外

  10. Husbandry systems: 畜產系統Fattening pigs 2 肥育豬2 Partially slatted flooring 部分木條型地板

  11. Husbandry systems: 畜產系統Fattening pigs 3 肥育豬3 Straw yard 稻草圍欄

  12. Primary welfare issues:Fattening pigs 肥育豬的主要福利議題 • Stocking density 畜養密度 • Barren environments 環境單調 • Tail, flank and ear biting 咬尾巴、側腹和耳朵的行為 • Dark buildings 建築物黑暗 • High atmospheric ammonia 空氣中高濃度氨氣 • Respiratory disease 呼系性疾病

  13. Husbandry systems: 畜產系統Meat chickens 1 肉雞1 • Deep-litter intensive • 深屑密集飼養 • Free range 田野放養 • Organic free-range 有機放養 • Breeding birds 種鳥 • Elite stock 菁英鳥

  14. Husbandry systems: 畜產系統Meat chickens 2 肉雞2 Deep-litter intensive 深洩密集系統

  15. Primary welfare issues:Intensive meat chickens 1密飼肉雞主要福利議題 1 • High stocking densities 高飼養密度 • Genetic selection for fast growth rate • 遺傳篩選生長快速品種 • Lameness 跛腳 • Contact dermatitis • 接觸性皮膚炎 • Cardiac insufficiency • 心肌機能不全 • Severe hunger in breeders and elite birds種鳥和菁英鳥的嚴重飢餓

  16. Primary welfare issues:Intensive meat chickens 2密飼肉雞主要福利議題 2 • High stocking densities 高飼養密度 • Poor air quality – ammonia and dust 空氣品質差— 氨氣和塵土 • Heat stress and resulting deaths 熱緊迫和導致之死亡 • Dark barren environments 黑暗單調的環境

  17. Husbandry systems: 畜產系統Meat chickens 3 肉雞3 Organic free-range 有機放養

  18. Primary welfare issues: Free range and organic meat chickens田野放牧和有機飼養雞群之主要福利議題 • Genetic selection for fast growth rate 遺傳篩選生長快速的品種 • Hunger due to feed restriction 因為食物限制容易飢餓 • Poor fencing and cover on range 放牧區柵欄的不良保護 • Predation and fearfulness • Organic birds 有機雞種 • Synthetic micronutrients excluded => increased leg weakness 缺乏微量元素 => 腿虛弱 • Feather pecking 啄羽

  19. Husbandry systems: 畜養系統 Laying hens 蛋雞 • Battery cages 層架式雞籠 • ‘Enriched cages’ 豐富化的籠架 • Aviaries and percheries 鳥舍和棲木 • Free range and organic free range田野放養和有機放養

  20. Husbandry systems:Laying hens 蛋雞畜養系統 Battery cages 層架式雞籠(巴特利籠)

  21. Husbandry systems: Laying hens 蛋雞畜養系統 Perchery 棲木房

  22. Primary welfare issues: Laying hens 蛋雞之主要福利議題 • Genetic selection for high production (~310 eggs per year)基因選拔高生產率雞種(一年約產310顆蛋) • Osteoporosis and bone fractures 易骨質疏鬆和骨折 • High stocking rates and barren cages (320-550 cm2 per bird)高飼養率與單調的層架雞籠 (每隻蛋雞320-550平方公分) • Severe restriction of normal behaviours e.g. wing-flapping, ground-pecking, walking, nesting, perching and dust-bathing. 嚴重限制正常行為表現 • 例如:展翅、啄地、行走、築巢、棲息和沙浴

  23. Primary welfare issues: Beak trimming重要福利議題：修剪鳥喙

  24. Primary welfare issues: Colony systems 重要福利議題：群飼放養系統 Large flock sizes 較大飼養空間 Aggressive feather pecking, fear, stress and high mortality. Failure to range攻擊性啄羽，恐懼，壓力與高死亡率，放養失敗 Beak ‘trimming’/amputation 鳥喙”修剪”/截肢手術

  25. Cockerels: Mutilation examples未足歲仔雞之手術範例 • Beak trimming 剪喙 • Detoeing and spur removal 修剪腳趾與鳥距 • Caponisation/castration 去勢 • Dubbing/comb and wattle removal 雞冠與肉垂移除手術

  26. Laying hens: what happens to the male chicks?公蛋雞的命運 • Euthanasia at 1 day old 一日齡即安樂死 • Macerator 碎渣法 • Gas 氣體麻醉 • 100% carbon dioxide 純二氧化碳 • 90% argon and 2% oxygen, by volume 依體積給予90%氬氣和10%氧氣 • 30% carbon dioxide, at least 60% argon + 2% oxygen, by volume30% 依體積使用二氧化碳和至少60%氬氣加2%氧氣

  27. Husbandry systems: 畜養系統Dairy cows 乳牛 • Cubicle systems 隔間飼養系統 • Straw yards 麥田 • Calf systems 仔牛飼養系統 • Veal crates 箱式飼養 • Groups on straw yards 麥田群放

  28. Primary welfare issues: Dairy cows乳牛的主要福利議題

  29. Primary welfare issues: Dairy cows 乳牛的主要福利議題 • Genetic selection for high production 基因選拔高生產率種 • Holstein Friesian (> 9000 litres per lactation) 荷蘭牛授乳期可產超過900公升的乳汁 • Increased susceptibility to infections: Mastitis, laminitis 對乳房炎、蹄業炎的疾病感受度增加 • Metabolic disease/hunger 代謝性疾病/容易飢餓 • Large udders, discomfort, gait abnormalities, foot disorders乳房肥大，不適，步伐異常，腿部異常

  30. Primary welfare issues:Cubicle systems 重要福利議題：隔間系統 • Insufficient number of cubicles　隔間不足 • Prolonged standing (especially heifers)　長期站立（特別是女牛） • Poor cubicle design 隔間設計不良 • Discomfort 不舒服 • Difficulty lying 橫臥困難 • Dirty bedding/concrete and mastitis污穢的寢具/水泥地板和乳房炎

  31. Primary welfare issues:Cubicle systems隔間系統的福利議題 Poor cubicle design 粗劣的隔間設計

  32. Primary welfare issues:Cubicle systems 重要福利議題：隔間系統 • Silage feeding 餵食青貯料 • Wet, acid slurry 潮濕，酸泥漿 • Foot disease　足疾 • Smooth concrete 光滑水泥地 • Slipping

  33. Primary welfare issues:Dairy cows/calves 乳牛和小牛的主要福利議題 • Separation of calves and dams at or close to parturition即刻或接近分娩後就將小牛和母牛分開 • Loss of maternal contact　失去母親接觸 • Immature immune system　免疫系統不成熟 Disease　發展疾病

  34. Primary welfare issues: Veal calves肉用仔牛的主要福利議題 Crates: 木條箱 • Restriction of normal behaviour (oral, locomotory, social)限制正常的行為(口部、 移動和社會行為) • Nutritional deficiencies (fibre, iron)營養缺乏 (纖維，鐵) • Physical discomfort 生理不適 • Enteric disease 腸胃疾病

  35. Dairy calves 乳用仔牛致殘範例 • Mutilations 致殘 • Disbudding 去角芽 • Castration 去勢 • Tail-docking (also in cows/heifers) 剪尾(母牛和女牛也要) • Disease 疾病 • Diarrhoea 下痢 • Respiratory disease 呼吸道疾病

  36. Primary welfare issues:Beef cattle肉牛的主要福利議題 Branding causes a lot of pain to calves 烙印在小牛身上是非常疼痛的

  37. Primary welfare issues: Beef cattle 肉牛的主要福利議題 • Mutilations 致殘 • Early weaning (multiple sucklers)提早斷奶(多重哺乳兒) • Parturition problems (foetal oversize)分娩問題(胎兒尺寸過大) • Restriction of normal behaviour and discomfort (fully slatted and feedlot systems)限制正常的行為和不舒服(完全用木條和牧場系統)

  38. Primary welfare issues:Beef cattle 肉牛的主要福利議題 Double muscling in a beef bull 雙肌型品重的公肉牛

  39. Primary welfare issues: Sheep/goats 山羊/綿羊的主要福利議題 • Neglect due to low value 因為低價值而疏忽 • Starvation, disease and parasites due to lack of prophylaxis and treatment (lameness, fly strike, pneumonia)缺乏預防方法和治療導致飢餓，疾病和寄生蟲病(跛腳，蒼蠅攻擊，和肺炎) • Overstocking due to subsidy systems補助金系統導致的過度畜育 • Mutilations 致殘 • Castration 去勢 • Docking, mulesing 剪尾和皮膚疤痕整平 • Surgical embryo transfer 外科方式胚胎轉移

  40. Primary welfare issues:Fish 魚類的主要福利議題 • Stocking rate 畜養速率 • Disease 疾病 • Parasites 寄生蟲

  41. Primary welfare issues:Otherfarm animals 其他牧場動物的福利議題 • Turkeys 火雞 • Stocking density, low lighting, aggression飼養密度，低光線，侵略 • Rabbits 兔子 • Battery cages, barren environments, stocking rates and cage height 層架籠舍，單調的環境，飼養比率和籠子高度

  42. Farm animal welfare: Ducks鴨的主要福利議題 • No access to water • 無法取得水源 • Trauma due to beaks and claws • 因為喙和爪造成 • 的傷口 • Stocking rates • 飼養比率

  43. Farm animal welfare: Geese鵝的動物福利 Force-feeding for pâté de foie gras production 為了生產鵝肝醬進行的強迫餵食

  44. Summary總結 • Signs of poor farm animal welfare 牧場動物福利貧乏的徵兆 • Routine mutilations例行性的致殘手術 • System injuries/aggressive injuries系統的傷害/侵犯的傷害 • Poor condition of animals動物的虛弱情況 • Stereotypies刻板行為 • Poor locomotion of animals動物缺乏運動 • Routine antibiotic use例行性的抗生素使用Dark buildings暗室

  45. Summary: Welfare improvement總結：改善福利 • Assess welfare in terms of the Five Freedoms以五項自由評估福利 • What are the problems? 問題為何? • For each problem 對於每個問題… • Why is it occurring? 它為何發生? • Is it an inherent or avoidable problem?它是內在先天的或是可以改變的問題? • What action can be taken to prevent it?可採取什麼行動來防止它?

  46. Welfare improvement改善動物福利 • Advice 忠告 • Improve husbandry system 改善牧場系統 • Change husbandry system 改變牧場系統 • Legislation 立法 • Minimum requirements for each system每個系統的最低要求 • Prohibiting certain systems禁止某些系統 • Marketplace 市場 • Consumers may seek higher welfare standards消費者可能會找尋更高的福利標準

  47. Online Resources線上資源 • Animal welfare judging competition • Michigan State University, Animal Behavior and Welfare Group. www.msu.edu/~zanella/awjc.html • Reports on farm animal welfare • Compassion in World Farming. www.ciwf.co.uk • Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC). www.fawc.org.uk

  48. Further Reading進階讀物 • Arey D, Brooke P. 2006. Animal Welfare Aspects of Good Agricultural Practice: pig production. Compassion in World Farming, Petersfield. • Compassion in World Farming (2002). Laid Bare: the case against enriched cages in Europe. Compassion in World Farming, Petersfield. • Compassion in World Farming. News Release Sept 18 2006. Available from: http://www.ciwf.org.uk/publications/prs/NR1606.pdf • Flower FC, Weary DM. 2003 The effects of early separation on the dairy cow and calf. Animal Welfare 2003 123: 339-348 • Fraser AF & Broom DM. 1996 Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare. 3rd Ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK ISBN 0851991602

  49. Further Reading進階讀物 • Gentle MJ, McKeegan DEF 2007 Evaluation of the effects of infrared beak trimming in broiler breeder chicks. Vet Rec 160: 145-148. • Gentle MJ, Waddington D, Hunter LN, Jones RB 1990 Behavioural evidence for persistent pain following partial beak amputation in the chicken. Appl Anim Behav Sci 27: 149-157 • Glatz PC. 2000 Review of Beak-Trimming Methods. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Sciences 13: 1619-1637. Available online at: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/CME/00-72.pdf • Giersing M, Ladewig J, Forkman B. 2006. Animal welfare aspects of preventing boar taint. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2006, 48(Suppl 1):S3    Available online at: http://actavetscand.com/content/48/S1/S3

  50. Further Reading進階讀物 • Hay M, Vulin A, Génin S, Sales P, Prunier A. Assessment of pain induced by castration in piglets: behavioral and physiological responses over the subsequent 5 days. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2003;82: 201-218 • Humane Slaughter Association 2006 Gas killing of chicks in hatcheries. HAS, Petersfield. Available on: http://www.hsa.org.uk/TN14.pdf • Taylor AA, Weary DM. Vocal responses of piglets to castration: identifying procedural sources of pain. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2000;70:17-26. • Taylor AA, Weary DM, Lessard M, Braithwaite L. Behavioural responses of piglets to castration: the effect of piglet age. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2001;73: 35-43. • Weary DM, Braithwaite LA, Fraser, D. Vocal response to pain in piglets. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1998;56:161-172.

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