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AP Biology Review

AP Biology Review . Big Idea # 1: Process of Evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. In Campbell Unit 4: Mechanisms of Evolution. 1.A Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. 1.A.1 Natural Selection is a major mechanism for evolution.

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AP Biology Review

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  1. AP Biology Review Big Idea # 1: Process of Evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. In Campbell Unit 4: Mechanisms of Evolution

  2. 1.A Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. 1.A.1 Natural Selection is a major mechanism for evolution.

  3. Darwin and natural selection-competition for limited resources leads to differential survival. • Fitness = reproductive success • Variations within populations and mutations allow populations to change with changes in environment. • Environments are never static,they are always changing.

  4. Adaptation = genetic variation that is favored and gave the population an advantage. • Random events and chance influence small populations. • Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium (5 conditions and use of formulas).

  5. 1.A.2 Natural selection acts on phenotypic variation in populations. • Environments change and act as selective mechanism on phenotype ex. Peppered moth and industry • Enviroments do not direct phenotypic variations, changes in DNA must occur first. • Some phenotypic variation greatly influences fitness ex. Sickle cell anemia, pepper moth, DDT resistance

  6. d. Human impact ex. Artificial selection, overuse of antibiotics, genetic engineering

  7. 1.A.3 Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes • Genetic drift- small populatios (bottleneck and founder effects)

  8. 1.A.4 Biological Evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. • Fossil and rock layers- absolute dating using radioactive isotopes (C-14, U-238, K-40) • Anatomy- homologous and analogous structures, vestigial structures, comparative embryology • Biochemical (DNA, RNA, protein sequences) • Mathematical ex. Hardy-Weinberg, DNA sequencing, phylogenic trees

  9. 1.B Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry

  10. 1.B.1 Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distriuted among organisms today.

  11. Structural and functional evidence -Same DNA and RNA code in all living organisms. • All use transcription, translation, and replication. • Metabolic pathways are conserved ex. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis • Structural evidence ex. Cytoskeleton, membrane bound organelles, linear chromosomes, endomembrane system.

  12. 1.B.2 Phylogenic trees are graphical models of evolutionary history that can be tested. a. Use of phylogenic tree shows traits that have changed or b een lost over time. (whale legs, snake hips, different chambers in animal hearts-fish=2; amphibians and reptiles = 3; mammals=4)

  13. Phylogenic trees show how related species can be based on how long ago there was a common ancestor • Can be constructed from homologous structures both present and in fossils and from DNA sequencing. • The phylogenic trees are always changing pased on presence of new technologies and new information.

  14. 1.C Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.

  15. 1.C.1 Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the earth’s history • Speciation rates can vary, especially when adaptive ratiation occurs when new habitats become available. • Species extinction rates are ratid in time of ecological stress ex. 5 major extinctions, human influences

  16. 1.C.2 Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each otyher. • Physically separated (geographical barrier) • Prezygotic mechanisms (Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation)

  17. Post-zygotic mechanisms (gametic isolation, zygote mortality, hybrid sterility, F2 fitness) • Speciation comes from reproductive isolation over time or rapidly through polyploidy in plants.

  18. 1.C.3 Populations of organisms continue to evolve • Evidence that evolution occurs in ALL species. • Continues today (chemical resistance, emergent diseases, cichlids, artificial selection)

  19. 1.D The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes

  20. 1.D.1 There are several hypothesis about the natural origin of live on Earth • Primitive earth provided inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could be synthesized from due to the presence of energy and lack of oxygen • These organic monomers were building blocks of more complex molecules.

  21. These monomers formed polymers that could replicate, store and transfer information. • It could have occurred in liquid (organic soup model) or on solid surface (clay model). • RNA first hypothesis in which RNA was first protobiont captured in a membrane that could reproduce. (ribozymes)

  22. 1.D.2 Scientific evidence from many disciplines support models of origins of life • Geological evidence supports models Earth was formed 4.6 bya, too hostile for life until 3.9 bya, first fossil evidence of life 3.5 bya, still leaves 300 million years for it to happen. • All organisms share a common molecular makeup (DNA, RNA, a.a., ATP)

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