Baseline Data outdoor : 10-2009 to 06-2011 Indoor : 11-2009 to 10-2010

1. PILOT PHASE (10-2009 to Present) Baseline Data outdoor : 10-2009 to 06-2011 Indoor : 11-2009 to 10-2010 Technology Testing : 06-2010 to 07-2010 Deployment of Forced Draft Stoves : 02-2010 to 06-2010

2. Experiment Concept 10 km 10 km Pilot Phase

3. MISR NASA- AERONET MODIS SURYA Village Center Observatory Traffic-Sample site

5.  A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment Technology assessment, dissemination and documentation of emission reduction in the pilot phase The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India

6. Cooking technology options

7. Focus: Biomass based IC Natural Draft • Mostly single burner • Enhanced “free convection”- grates, design • Mostly gasification through air pores • Price: 1100-2500 • Even in 2030, 632 million people in India will depend on biomass for energy • In-situ production and consumption • No expensive LPG like supply chains • Forced draft • Only single burner • Air “forced” into stove chamber using fan • SMF battery power pack, Gasification • Top loading- Processed Fuel, Pellets, rice: $60-80 Strengths • 10% – 25% increase in thermal efficiency • PM 2.5 emissions reduction by a factor of 2-4 • Weakness • Field Vs Lab: Performance differential • None of the commercial stoves meet WHO stipulated PM2.5 levels

8. Surya Improved Cookstove Mud Stove • Surya dovetailed an ongoing TERI DST Project which • Identified and trained village volunteers • Optimized the right mix of fuels for production of pellets • Facilitated the setting up of entrepreneurship based pelletization and stove dissemination • Surya dovetailed an ongoing TERI DST Project which • Tested 11 cookstove models • Established the advantages of Forced Draft Stoves • Reduced cost by 40%

9. Surya-Pilot phase Energy for a Sustainable Future the Secretary-General’s Advisory Group On Energy And Climate Change (AGECC) Summary Report And Recommendations, 28 April 2010, New York

10. Baseline monitoring : Cooking a major source of high BC Concentrations

11. Baseline monitoring : BC Indoor concentrations drive outdoor concentrations

12. TERI Stove development under DST Project • Patented Model • Cost- 2000 • 50% lesser price than comparable commercial model • Dual Charging facility- Grid+ Solar • Separate Power pack • Dissemination to 50 households

13. TERI Stove development under DST (Indian Government) Project Problems with existing single pot models • Requirement of processed wood- • Expensive pellets , Manual chopping • Men non inclined, Physically stressful for women • Continuous feeding • Single pot stove- insufficient for big family • Traditional Roti baking • Fuel incompatibility- inability to use non monetized biomass • Hence development of a twin pot forced draft model

14. Surya : Stove dissemination and capacity building • Close to 500 stoves –village saturation • Another 500 stoves under the DST project • Full Subsidy • Partial Subsidy • Full Cost • Training and awareness campaign

15. Forced draft better than natural draft

16. Conclusions

17.  A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment Wireless System for High Spatial Resolution Data Collection N. Ramanathan UCLA & NexLeaf

18. Monitoring Stove BC Emissions Using Mobile Phones 25 mm Innovations Micro-Pump and Filter • $500 per unit, ultra low power. • Low-tech: works with any camera cellphone. • Real-time reporting. Filter, placed on reference template Picture sent to server Results sent back via SMS N Ramanathan, et al, Atm Environment, 2011 18

19. Deployment in India for Surya Pilot Phase

20. Validation with four independent gold standard instruments: Error < 10% Cookstove samples collected in India, urabn samples in California (n=80), comparison with Thermal-optical and Aethalometer Cookstove samples collected by the EPA (n=600), comparison with Thermal-optical reflectance and transmittance methods. 20

21. Global BC Monitoring Network Using Mobile Phones • Will deploy 500 - 1000 cellphones in Surya Demonstration phase to better understand spatial variability of BC • Use this data in conjunction with fine-resolution aerosol models (Prof. Carmichael), to compute BC emissions, and improve uncertainty in emissions inventories.

22.  A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment Exposure Implications for Health Impacts from Interventions Results from Preliminary Comparative Assessments of “Improved” and “Traditional” Biomass Cook Stoves in India K. Balakrishnan Department of Environmental Health Engineering Center for Advanced Research on Environmental Health, (ICMR, Govt. of India) World Health Organisation Collaborating Center for Occupational Health Sri Ramachandra University Chennai, India

23. BACKGROUND • Large base of information on concentrations/exposures in solid fuel using households in India, but primarily from traditional (mud) stove users • Previous intervention efforts have been directed at distribution of “Improved Cook Stoves”, without explicit exposure benchmarks for defining improvement • Multiple market based models now being purchased by households • Few efforts to compare “improvements” as compared to traditional cook-stoves and across multiple “ improved“ stoves

24. Study design (Paired comparisons) Indoor Kitchens Using Wood (72 HH; 2 states) 6 sub-groups ; 12 HH in each sub-group 24 hr PM 2.5, CO; HH Questionnaire 6 models of ICS distributed with training (1-2 months) 24 hr PM 2.5, CO (Similar meal); HH Questionnaire ICS1 FRC ICS 2 FRC ICS3 FRC ICS 4 FRC ICS 5 FC ICS 6 FOFC 10% HHs sampled 6 months after ICS provision HH-Household ; TC-Traditional cook stove; ICS- “Improved Cook-stove”; FRC-Free convection ; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection

26. Distribution of 24 hr kitchen concentrations TC-Traditional cook stove; FRC-Free convection cook stove; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection

27. Comparisons of levels “ before” and “after”

28. Summary • Both free and forced convection models showed significant reductions as compared to traditional cook-stoves (ranging between 43- 67%) for both PM 2.5 and CO. • Our sample could not distinguish across improved stove models; detect a significant difference with the fuel optimized free convection model; or detect differences across states • The lowest concentrations measured were however still much higher than the recommended WHO air quality guideline values for PM 2.5 (WHO AQG, Global Update 2005) • Several HH determinants would need to be addressed for longitudinal exposure reconstructions in ICS studies • Stove use/number of meals (frequency) /cooking duration (length) • Stove location, change in fuel, ventilation (magnitude) • Other sources of exposure (confounding) • Role of ambient concentrations would need to be defined

29. Integrated matrices for emissions, exposures and stove use: Implications for sustainability TC Guideline (Choice) FRC FC Emissions Ease of use FOFC ? Exposures Guideline (Choice) TC-Traditional cook stove; FRC-Free convection cook stove; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection Note: The chosen guideline is arbitrary on this scale as are the relative positions of the stoves. It is shown to merely illustrate the need to integrate multiple inputs for choosing a technology to confer a required degree of exposure reduction

30.  A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment Climate Change Science V. Ramanathan On behalf of the Climate Change Team

31. Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in BC Concentrations: Surya Village Center Diurnal variation of seasonal mean BC concentration at SVI_1 village centre (VC).

32. Seasonal Variation in BC Concentrations: Comparison with Climate Models Simulated Ganguly et Al, 2010 Simulated Menon et al, 2010 Diurnal variation of seasonal mean BC concentration at SVI_1 village centre (VC).

33. How Deep Does the Soot aerosols Penetrate? NASA-CALIPSO Data OCT to NOV DEC to FEB March to May Monthly mean LIDAR extinction profiles (532 nm) from CALIPSO for the grid (26–27N and 80–82E) for post-monsoon, dry and pre-monsoon seasons, respectively. SVI_1 is located within this grid.

34. Detection of Brown Carbon Absorption Brown Carbon ? Absorption Coefft

35. Relevance to Larger Scale

36. Correlation Between Surya Village and Indo-Gangetic Plains

37. Atmospheric Heating by Aerosols: (About 60% or more is due to biomass burning)

38. Potential Signal Strength of the Intervention

39. Wrap-up for Findings from the Surya Pilot Phase • Cooking drives local outdoor BC concentrations. • Forced draft stoves are best from a BC mitigation perspective. • We can measure surface BC emissions with unprecedented spatial resolution. • We will be able to measure the BC hole from Surface Based measurements and Generalize to Regional Scales • Should be able to Detect it from Space; But a great Challenge; • But NASA is upto it ( Dr. R. Kahn, Goddard)

40.  A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment Sustainability: Affordability and Acceptable Adoption Subhrendu Pattanayak Duke University

41. Meta Analysis of Stove Adoption • 11 Analyses (8 papers) • SES, Income, Credit, substitute prices matter! • Similar findings for meta-analysis (140 analyses from 25 studies) of switching to clean fuels

42. Scaling up: Some Findings! I. Who adopts clean fuels and improved cook stoves? (Lewis & Pattanayak) • SES, education, prices, urban – matter • credit, information campaigns, social marketing – not studied II. What factors explain PCIA program location and stove sales? (Colvin, Pattanayak, Sasser, Vergnano) • sales impacted by institution (government, location) & product (price, testing) characteristics • providers currently in countries with problems (biomass burning, ARI) and prospects (already spending on health programs) III. Will cook stove programs be cost-beneficial is a wide variety of settings? (Jeuland & Pattanayak) • cost-beneficial stove programs exist, but • substantial heterogeneity of NPV for different stove types