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CHILDHOOD OBESITY

CHILDHOOD OBESITY. BY: Cheryl Hamilton, Tiffany Neuman Leslie Crittendon , Audra Brooks. Childhood Obesity. Childhood obesity has become an pandemic in the United States

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CHILDHOOD OBESITY

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  1. CHILDHOOD OBESITY BY: Cheryl Hamilton, Tiffany Neuman Leslie Crittendon, Audra Brooks

  2. Childhood Obesity • Childhood obesity has become an pandemic in the United States • “Childhood overweight rates in the United States have nearly doubled among 2-to 5-year-olds and more than tripled among 6-to 19-year-olds in the past three decades”

  3. Statistics • 9 million children in the U.S. are overweight • 10.4% of children aged 2-5 years are obese • 19.6% of children aged 6-11 years are obese • 18.1% of children aged 12-19 years are obese

  4. Statistics Con’t • Nearly a 300% increase since 1979 = epidemic levels • Total cost of obesity in U.S.  $117 billion per year • Pediatric obesity several hundred million per year and rising

  5. Determining Obesity in Children • Body Mass Index • Growth Chart

  6. % of Overweight Children World Wide

  7. Childhood Obesity in America

  8. Obesity in Michigan National Survey of Children’s Health, 2007

  9. EARLY & MIDDLE CHILDHOOD Early: birth – 8 years old -is a time of incredible physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development Middle: ages 6-12 years old -time when children develop skills for healthy social relationships & learn roles to help them for a lifetime

  10. EARLY DEVELOPMENT • first years of life is important for a child’s development and lifelong learning • first year is also essential for future cognitive, social, emotional, & physical development can influence later success in life • Early childhood the brain grows 90% of its size by age 3 • children start to develop emotional regulation and attachment, language development, & motor skills

  11. CHILDHOOD MILESTONES • Can be delayed due to environmental stressors & or negative risk factors • Stressors can affect: • child’s brain, physical, social, emotional, & cognitive growth • Early & middle childhood sets the step for -health literacy -Self-discipline -The ability to make good decisions about risky situations -Eating habits -Conflict negotiation

  12. Culture Roles • Morals • Beliefs • Values • Traditions • Customs • Perceive Body Image

  13. Race and Ethnicity • Mexican Americans • African Americans • Native Americans • Exceeds any other ethnic group in childhood obesity

  14. Weight Bias • Obesity can lead to many biases towards the overweight children • It can result in teasing • Approximately 1 in 3 overweight females and 1 in 4 overweight males report being teased by peers at school • Three hypotheses may explain the increase in weight discrimination: • rates of obesity have escalated during the same period. • perceived weight discrimination may reflect experiences that have resulted from worsening societal attitudes and the acceptance of weight bias. • the media contribute and encourage weight bias and discrimination

  15. Weight Bias cont. • Obese children can be stereotyped and blamed for their own weight gain • Peers see obese children as lazy, untidy, ugly, stupid, and non-hygienic • The constant teasing and ridicule can cause low self-esteem and depression

  16. Genetic Risk Factors • Parental Obesity • Ethnicity • Obesity-Promoting genes

  17. Behavioral Risk Factors • Lack of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle • Increased “screen time” • television watching • video/computer game playing • Unhealthy eating habits • Increased snacking • Large portion sizes

  18. Environmental/SocioeconomicRisk Factors • Low parental education • Poverty • Urban communities lack of accessibility and affordability of healthy foods • Urban/disadvantaged areas without safe outdoor play areas

  19. Environmental/SocioeconomicRisk Factors • Lack of facilities like safe side walks, bike paths, and safe parks • Lack of physical exercise in schools • Unhealthy foods and drinks in schools

  20. CHILD & ADOLESCENT OBESITY by INCOME 2009-10 Family Income (Percent Federal Poverty Limit) Rate of childhood obesity <100 21.6% 100-199 17.4% 200-399 15.7% 400-499 14.2% 500+ 11.5%

  21. CONDITIONS AT RISK FOR • This is the age where they start to develop • Asthma • Obesity • Dental caries • Child maltreatment • Developmental & behavior disorders *these conditions tend to affects a child’s education, health & well being of the adolescents & adults they will become

  22. Immediate Health Risks • High blood pressure & high cholesterol • Increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes • Respiratory problems; i.e. sleep apnea, asthma

  23. Immediate Health Risks Con’t • Joint problems & musculoskeletal discomfort • Fatty liver disease, gallstones, gastro-esophageal reflux • Greater risk for social & psychological problems

  24. Future Health Risks • Heart disease • Hypertension • Stroke • Diabetes • Arthritis

  25. Future Health Risks Con’t • Cancer • leukemia, breast, colon cancer • Infertility • Premature death

  26. Media Influences • Television shows and advertisements • promote poor eating habits • Promote junk food to children

  27. Parental Influences • Parents fail to see their child as overweight • Parents that don’t believe excess weight is a health risk • Parents establish family eating habits; both good and bad • Inactive, sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children

  28. Parental Influences • Working/busy parents • Don’t teach children healthy habits • Set bad examples for children • Inactive, sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children

  29. How do we prevent it? • It’s important to start interventions at an early age • Encourage the child to be more active • Have healthy snacks available • Limit sweetened beverages • Limit television and computer time • Do activities as a family • Be a role model for your kid

  30. NUTRITION • Important for growth & development of child • Those with healthy weight: • ↓chronic risk factors, such as high BP & dyslipidemia • ↓likelihood of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and some cancers • ↓ likelihood of dying at a young age

  31. DIET • Influences: • Schools • Restaurants • Home Making healthy choices: -knowledge & skills -healthier options are available

  32. SOCIAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DIET • Knowledge and attitudes • Skills • Social support • Societal and cultural norms • Food and agricultural policies • Food assistance programs • Economic price systems

  33. PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF DIET • Access & availability • places where people eat appear to influence their diet • foods eaten away from home have more calories &lower nutritional quality than foods prepared at home • marketing also influences children’s food choices

  34. MAINTAIN HEALTHY WEIGHT • Influenced by calories (energy) consumed & expanded • ↑physical activity & changes in diet • ↓exposure to foods low in nutritional value and high in calories

  35. Health Promotion Theory • Theory of Planned Behavior • Takes into account that the control of behavior is not always voluntary • Children are not always in control of their behavior • Parents choose the food that’s available to their children • Parents can make the child more active and limit their T.V. time • Schools limit the amount of healthy meal choices

  36. References • American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2008). Influence of race, ethnicity, and culture, on childhood obesity: Implications for prevention and treatment. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571048/ • Childtrendsdatabank, (2013). Participation in school athletics. Retrieved from www.childtrendsdatabank.org/?q=node/367 • Centers from Disease Control (CDC) (2011). About BMI for children and teens. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html • Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2013). Basics about childhood obesity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/basics.html • Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2013). Childhood obesity facts. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm • Ek, L. Livestrong, (2010). Nutrition pyramid for kids. Retrieved from: www.livestrong.com/article/82871-nutrition-pyramid-kids/ • Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). (2013). The obesity prevention source. Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/ • Hawkins, K. W., & Linvill, D. L. (2010). Public health framing of news regarding childhood obesity in the United States. Health Communication, 25(8), 709-717. doi: http://0-dx.doi.org.libcat.ferris.edu/10.1080/10410236.2010.521913 • Healthypeople.gov. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=10 • Karnik, S. & Kanekar, A. (2011). Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278864/?report=printable • Kellow, J. Weightlossresources, (n.d.). Good nutrition for children. Retrieved from www.weightlossresources.co.uk/children/nutrition_calorie_needs.htm • Lynn, D. Livestrong, (2011). Recommended daily fat intake for children. Retrieved from www.livestrong.com/article/399719-recommended-daily-fat-intake-for-children/

  37. References Con’t • Maville, J., Huerta, C. (2013). Health Promotion in Nursing, 3rd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Cernage Learning • National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) (2013). Childhood overweight and obesity trends. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/health/childhood-obesity-trends-state-rates.aspx • Phillips, F. (2012). Facing up to childhood obesity. Practice Nurse, 42(11), 14-17. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.libcat.ferris.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cin20&AN=2011629391&site=ehost-live • Rampell, C. (2010, September 23). Economix. Retrieved from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/23/the-world-is-fat/ • Robinson, S., Yardy, K., & Carter, V. (2012). A narrative literature review of the development of obesity in infancy and childhood. Journal of Child Health Care, 16(4), 339-354. doi: http://0-dx.doi.org.libcat.ferris.edu/10.1177/13674935124908 • State of Michigan (n.d.). The state of the state: Childhood obesity in Michigan.Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/ • State of Michigan (n.d.). What’s being done: Nutrition standards in school. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/8-_The_State_of_the_State_368749_7.pdf • Washington, R. (2011). Childhood obesity: Issues of weight bias. Center of Disease Control, 8(5), A94. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2011/sep/10_0281.htm • World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/

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