NSTE ACS: Optimal Therapy, 2006

1. OPTIMAL UPSTREAM ANTITHROMBIN THERAPY IN NSTE ACS PATIENTS MANAGED IN THE CARDIAC CATH LAB: DOES IT MATTER WHICH AGENT IS STARTED IN THE ED? Charles V. Pollack, Jr., M.A., M.D., FACEP, FAAEMDepartment of Emergency MedicinePennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia Steven V. Manoukian, Gregg W. Stone, Judd E. Hollander, Chadwick Miller, Deborah B. Diercks, W. Frank Peacock, Gerard X. Brogan, Charles L. Emerman, Andra Blomkalns, W. Brian Gibler, Ivan Rokos, David Larson, and James W. Hoekstra

2. NSTE ACS: Optimal Therapy, 2006 • Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, et al: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:970-1062 (2002 update at www.acc.org; summary in Circulation 2002;106:1893-1900) • Pollack CV, Roe MT, Peterson ED: 2002 Update to the ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Implications for emergency department practice. Ann Emerg Med 2003;41:355-69.

3. I IIa IIb III Hospital Care: Anti-Thrombotic Therapy Immediate aspirin Clopidogrel, if aspirin contraindicated Heparin (IV unfractionated, LMW) with antiplatelet agents listed above Enoxaparin preferred over UFH unless CABG is planned within 24 hours Braunwald et al, Circulation 2002;106:1893-1900

4. Acute Medication Use in High-RiskNSTE Patients: CRUSADE Within first 24 hours in patients without contraindications CRUSADE DATA: Quarter 4, 2004 – Quarter 3, 2005 (n=35,897)

5. I IIa IIb III Hospital CareConservative vs. Invasive Strategies Early invasive strategy in high-risk patients with any of the following: - Recurrent ischemia, despite meds - Elevated Troponin I or T - New ST-segment depression - New CHF symptoms - High-risk stress test findings - LV dysfunction (EF < 40%) - Hemodynamic instability, sustained VT - PCI within 6 months, prior CABG Braunwald et al, Circulation 2002;106:1893-1900

6. I IIa IIb III Hospital CareConservative vs. Invasive Strategies Either strategy in low- to moderate-risk patients without contraindications to revascularization Early invasive strategy for patients with repeated ACS presentations, without high-risk features or ongoing ischemia Braunwald et al, Circulation 2002;106:1893-1900

7. Invasive Cardiac Procedures: CRUSADE(among patients without contraindications to cath) • Median Times • Cath - 22 hrs • PCI - 21 hrs • CABG - 69 hrs CRUSADE data, unpublished, March 2006

8. Medical management UFH or Enoxaparin + IIb/IIIa PCI Bivalirudin + IIb/IIIa Angiography within 72h R* Bivalirudin Alone CABG ACUITY Study (ACC, March 2006) Moderate and high risk unstable angina or NSTEMI undergoing an invasive strategy (N = 13,819) Moderate and high risk ACS Aspirin in all Clopidogrel dosing and timing per local practice *Stratified by pre-angiography thienopyridine use or administration ACUITY Design. Stone GW et al. AHJ 2004;148:764–75

9. Primary Endpoint Measures (ITT) UFH/Enoxaparin + GPI vs. Bivalirudin Alone PNI <0.0001 PSup = 0.015 PNI = 0.011 PSup = 0.32 PNI <0.0001 PSup <0.0001

10. ACUITY • More than 99% of patients in ACUITY were taken to the cath lab, at a median time of 19.6 hours after arrival. • One-third of these patients were randomized to receive bivalirudin monotherapy. The median time from randomization to angiography/intervention was approximately 5 hours. • Because of their assessed ischemic risk, 64.1% of patients enrolled in ACUITY were treated with either UFH or enoxaparin prior to randomization. Consistently, 63.9% of patients randomized to bivalirudin monotherapy were pretreated . . . • 40.5 % with UFH • 25.4 % with enoxaparin

11. Rationale and Hypothesis • In contemporary practice, bivalirudin is not ordinarily used outside the cardiac cath lab. • Patients with NSTE ACS and high risk features are typically administered an anticoagulant in the ED as empiric therapy. Whether UFH or enox is used in this setting is an issue of local preference and policy. • Hypothesis: The nature of upstream anticoagulant therapy—UFH or enox—will not affect outcomes of NSTE ACS patients who subsequently receive bivalirudin in the cath lab.

12. ACUITY: Methodology • Patients were excluded from the study if they had received more than one dose of enox prior to potential randomization. • Patients who had received one dose of enox were eligible for inclusion. • Randomized therapy initiated 12h after enox dose • Patients who had received UFH were eligible for inclusion. • 30-minute wash-out period

13. ACUITY: Results • Of 13,819 patients enrolled, 4,612* were randomized to receive bivalirudin monotherapy. • Of these: • 1,658 received no prior anticoagulant • 1,773 received UFH prior to randomization • 1,073 received enox prior to randomization • 97 received both UFH and enox and were excluded from this analysis. * 11 pts did not have complete data available

14. Patient Characteristics *P value < 0.001

15. Ischemic Outcomes All comparisons NS - before and after adjustment for baseline characteristics

16. Bleeding Outcomes All comparisons NS - before and after adjustment for baseline characteristics

17. Net Clinical Outcome BIV - no AT vs. UFH →BIVvs. Enox →BIV All comparisons NS

18. Primary Outcomes: Summary by Pre-Randomization AT BIV - no AT vs. UFH →BIVvs. Enox →BIV All comparisons NS

19. Outcomes in High-Risk PatientsElevated Biomarker and/or ST-segment changes All comparisons NS

20. Primary Outcomes – High Risk Patients BIV - no AT vs. UFH →BIVvs. Enox →BIV All comparisons NS

21. Caveats • Further analysis of the ACUITY data will ascertain the impact of duration of therapy with bivalirudin on outcomes, as well as the relationship between upstream GPI use and risk as perceived in the ED. There will also be a comprehensive economic analysis. • The dose of bivalirudin used in ACUITY for pre-cath management is not a labeled dose. • The washout periods for prior AT therapy mandated in the study may not be scrupulously followed in contemporary practice.

22. Conclusions • The efficacy and safety of bivalirudin in patients with moderate and high risk NSTE ACS from the ACUITY trial is not significantly influenced by prior AT with UFH or enox. • Prior UFH or enox does not significantly compromise the net clinical outcomes achieved in patients subsequently converted to bivalirudin for interventional management.

24. Study Medications • Anti-thrombin agents (started pre angiography) 1 Target aPTT 50-75 seconds 2 If last enoxaparin dose ≥8h - <16h before PCI; 3 If maintenance dose discontinued or ≥16h from last dose 4 Discontinued at end of PCI with option to continue at 0.25mg/kg for 4-12h if GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor not used 5 Bivalirudin option for off-pump same as PCI dose. For on-pump bivalirudin discontinued 2 hours before 6 Option to continue with pre-PCI anti-thrombotic regimen at physician discretion