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Renewable energy

Renewable energy.

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Renewable energy

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  1. Renewable energy

  2. RenewableenergyisenergyWhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchasSunlight , wind , rain , Tides , andgeothermalheat , Whicharerenewable (naturallyreplenished). 1 ] Theshare of renewablesinelectricitygenerationisaround 18%, with 15% of globalelectricitycomingfromhydroelectricityand 3.4% fromnewrenewables. In 2006, about 18% of globalfinalenergyconsumptioncamefromrenewables, with 13% comingfromtraditionalbiomass , Whichisusedmainlyforheating , and 3% fromhydroelectricity . New renewables (Smallhydro, modernbiomass, wind, solar, geothermal , andbiofuels) accountedfor 2.4% Anotherandaregrowingveryrapidly. [1] TheShare of renewablesinElectricitygenerationisaround 18%, with 15% of globalElectricitycomingfromhydroelectricityand 3.4% fromnewrenewables. [1] 2 ] [ 3 ] andiswidelyusedinEurope , Asia, andtheUnited States . [ 4 ] Theannualmanufacturingoutput of thephotovoltaicsindustryreached 6,900 MW in 2008, [ 5 ] andphotovoltaic (PV) powerstationsarepopularinGermanyandSpain . [ 6 ] Solarthermalpowerstationsoperateinthe USA andSpain, andthelargest of theseisthe 354 MW SEGS powerplantintheMojaveDesert . [ 7 ]

  3. Theworld'slargestgeothermalpowerinstallationisTheGeysersinCalifornia, with a ratedcapacity of 750 MW. [ 8 ] Brazilhasone of thelargestrenewableenergyprogramsintheworld, involvingproduction of ethanolfuelfromsugarcane, andethanolnowprovides 18% of thecountry'sautomotivefuel. [ 9 ] Ethanolfuelisalsowidelyavailableinthe USA. WindpowergrowingisattheRate of 30% annually, with a Worldwide InstalledCapacity of 157.900 megawatts (MW) in 2009, [2] [3] andiswidelyusedinEurope , Asia , andtheUnited States . [4] TheAnnualoutput of manufacturingthephotovoltaicsindustryreached 6,900 MW in 2008, [5] andphotovoltaic (PV) powerstationsarepopularinGermanyandSpain . [6] Solarthermalpowerstationsinthe USA OperateandSpain, andthelargest of theseisthe 354 MW SEGS powerplantintheMojaveDesert . [seventh] Theworld'slargestgeothermalpowerInstallationisTheGeysersinCalifornia, with a RatedCapacity of 750 MW. [8] Brazilhasone of thelargestrenewableenergyprogramsintheworld, involvingProduction of ethanolfuelfromsugarCane, andethanolnowprovides 18% of theCountry'sautomotivefuel. [9] ethanolfueliswidelyavailableAlsointhe USA. 10 ] Kenyahastheworld'shighesthouseholdsolarownershipratewithroughly 30,000 small (20–100 watt) solarpowersystemssoldperyear. [ 11 ] WhileMostrenewableenergyProjectsandProductionislarge-scale, renewabletechnologiesareAlsosuited to Smalloff-grid Applications , sometimesinRurul andremoteAreas, WHERE energyisoftencrucialinhumanDevelopment. [10] Kenyahastheworld'sHighesthouseholdsolarRateownershipwithroughly 30,000 Small (20-100 watt) solarpowersystemssoldperyear. [11]

  4. Wind power • Alsosee: Windpower , Windfarm , andWindpowerintheUnited States CanAirflows BE used to runwindturbines . 14 ] Areaswherewindsarestrongerandmoreconstant, suchasoffshoreandhighaltitudesites, arepreferredlocationsforwindfarms. Modernwindturbinesrangefromaround 600 kW to 5 MW of ratedpower, althoughturbineswithratedoutput of 1.5-3 MW havebecomethemostcommonforcommercialuse; thepoweroutput of a turbineis a function of thecube of thewindspeed , SO Speedaswindincreases, poweroutputincreasesdramatically. [14] Areas WHERE windsarestrongerandMoreConstant, suchasoffshoreandhighAltitudesites, arePreferredlocationsforwindfarms. 15 ] [ 16 ] TypicalCapacityFactorsare 20-40%, withvaluesattheupperend of therangeinparticularlyfavourablesites. [15] [16] Globally, thelong-termtechnicalpotential of windenergyisbelieved to befivetimestotalcurrentglobalenergyproduction, or 40 timescurrentelectricitydemand. Thiscouldrequirelargeamounts of land to beusedforwindturbines, particularlyinareas of higherwindresources. 17 ] Thisnumbercouldalsoincreasewithhigheraltitudeground-basedorairbornewindturbines . [ 18] Offshoreresourcesexperiencemeanwindspeeds of ~ 90% GreaterThanThat of land, SO offshoreresourcessubstantiallyCouldContributeMoreenergy. [17] ThisnumberCouldAlsoIncreasewithHigherAltitudeground-BasedOrairbornewindturbines . [18] PowerwindisrenewableandproducesNogreenhousegasesDuringOperation, suchasdioxidecarbonandmethane .

  5. Hydropower Hydropower • Energy inwatercanbeharnessedandused. 19 ] [ 20 ] even a slowflowingstream of water, ormoderateseaswell , canyieldconsiderableamounts of energy. Sincewaterisabout 800 timesdenserThanAir , [19] [20] Even a Slowflowingstream of water, OrSeaModerateswell , Canyieldconsiderableamounts of energy. Therearemanyforms of waterenergy:

  6. Solar energy • SolarenergyistheenergyderivedfromthesunThroughtheForm of solarradiation . SolarPoweredelectricalgenerationreliesonphotovoltaicsandheatengines. A partiallist of Other Applications includessolarheatingandcoolingSpaceThroughsolararchitecture, daylighting , solarhotwater , solarcooking , andhighheatTemperatureProcessforIndustrialpurposes. SolartechnologiesarebroadlycharacterizedaseitherpassivesolarOrsolaractivedependingonthewaytheycapture, convertanddistributesolarenergy. SolaractiveTechniquesincludetheUse of Panelsphotovoltaicandsolarthermalcollectors to Harnesstheenergy. PassivesolarTechniquesincludeorienting a Building to theSun, selectingfavorableMaterialswiththermalmassdispersingOrLightProperties, anddesigningSpacesThatnaturallycirculateAir.

  7. Biomass • Biomass (plantMaterial) is a renewableenergysourcetheenergyBecauseitcomesfromContainsthesun. ThroughtheProcess of photosynthesis , plantscapturethesun'senergy. Whentheplantsareburned, theyreleasethesun'senergytheycontain. Inthisway, biomassfunctionsas a sort of naturalbatteryforstoringsolarenergy. 21 ] AsLongasbiomassisproducedsustainably, withonlyusedasMuchasisgrown, thebatteryWillLastIndefinitely. [21] Ingeneraltherearetwomainapproaches to usingplantsforenergyproduction: growingplantsspecificallyforenergyuse, andusingtheresiduesfromplantsthatareusedforotherthings. 21 ] Varythebestapproachesfromregion to regionaccording to climate, soilsandgeography. [21]

  8. Biofuel • LiquidBiofuelisusuallyeitherbioalcoholsuchasbioethanolOranoilsuchasbiodiesel. Bioethanolisanalcoholmadebyfermentingthesugarplant of ComponentsandMaterialsMostlyitismadefromsugarandStarchcrops. Withadvancedtechnologybeingdeveloped, cellulosicbiomass, suchastreesandgrasses, arealsousedasfeedstocksforethanolproduction. Can BE ethanolusedas a fuelforvehiclesinitspureForm, BUT itisusuallyusedas a gasolineadditive to IncreaseoctaneandimproveVehicle EMISSIONS. Bioethanolisusedwidelyinthe USA andinBrazil . Biodieselismadefromvegetableoils , animalfatsOrrecycledgreases. Biodieselcanbeusedas a fuelforvehiclesinitspureform, butitisusuallyusedas a dieseladditive to reducelevels of particulates, carbonmonoxide, andhydrocarbonsfromdiesel-poweredvehicles. BiodieselisproducedfromoilsOrfatsusingtransesterificationandistheMostcommonBiofuelinEurope. 22 ] Biofuelsprovided 1.8% of theworld'stransportfuelin 2008. [22]

  9. Geothermal energy • Geothermalenergyisenergyobtainedbytappingtheheat of theearthitself, bothfromkilometersdeepIntotheEarth'scrustinSomeplaces of theglobefromOrSomemetersingeothermalheatpumpinAlltheplaces of theplanet. Itisexpensive to build a powerstationbutoperatingcostsarelowresultinginlowenergycostsforsuitablesites. Ultimately, thisenergyderivesfromheatintheEarth 'S core. Threetypes of powerplantsareused to generatepowerfromgeothermalenergy: drysteam, flash, andbinary. Drysteamplantstakesteamout of fracturesinthegroundanduseit to directlydrive a turbinethatspins a generator. Flashplantstakehotwater, usuallyattemperaturesover 200 ° C, out of theground, andallowsit to boilasitrises to thesurfacethenseparatesthesteamphaseinsteam / waterseparatorsandthenrunsthesteamthrough a turbine. Inbinaryplants, thehotwaterflowsthroughheatexchangers, boilinganorganicfluidthatspinstheturbine. Thecondensedsteamandremaininggeothermalfluidfromallthreetypes of plantsareinjectedbackintothehotrock to pickupmoreheat.

  10. Wind power market • Attheend of 2009, Worldwide windfarmCapacitywas 157.900 MW, representingan 31 PERCENT of IncreaseDuringtheyear, [2] andwindpowersupplied 1.3% Some of ElectricityConsumptionglobal. [28] Windpowerforapproximatelyaccounts 19% of ElectricityUseinDenmark , 9% inSpainandPortugal , and 6% inGermanyandthe Republic of Ireland. [29] TheUnited States isan IMPORTANT growthareaandwindpowerInstalledCapacity US reached 25.170 MW attheend of 2008. [ 30] As of September 2009, theRoscoeWindFarm (781 MW) istheworld'slargestwindfarm. [31] As of 2009, the 209 megawatt (MW) 2 HornsRevwindfarminDenmarkistheworld'slargestoffshorewindfarm. 32 ] TheUnitedKingdomistheworld'sleadingoffshorewindGenerator of power, followedbyDenmark. [32]

  11. Thegeothermalenergyfromthecore of theEarthiscloser to thesurfaceinsomeareasthaninothers. Wherehotundergroundsteamorwatercanbetappedandbrought to thesurfaceitmaybeused to generateelectricity. SuchgeothermalpowersourcesexistingeologicallyunstableCertainparts of theworldsuchasChile , Iceland , New Zealand, United States, thePhilippinesandItaly. ThetwoProMinentMostAreasforthisintheUnited States areintheYellowstonebasinandinNorthernCalifornia . Icelandproduced 170 MW geothermalpowerandheated 86% of allhousesintheyear 2000 throughgeothermalenergy. Some 8000 MW of capacityisoperationalintotal. ThereisAlsothePotential to generategeothermalenergyfromhotdryrocks . Holesatleast 3 kmdeeparedrilledintotheearth. Some of theseholespumpwaterintotheearth, whileotherholespumphotwaterout. Theheatresourceconsists of hotundergroundradiogenicgraniterocks, whichheatupwhenthereisenoughsedimentbetweentherockandtheearthssurface. SeveralcompaniesinAustraliaareexploringthistechnology.

  12. Done by: • Lilia Atanasova • Elizabet Aleksova

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