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33.4 Changes in American Foreign Policy

33.4 Changes in American Foreign Policy. Lesson Objective: To understand the end of the Cold War and the emergence of a global economy Essential Questions: What role did America play in the new world order?. Key Terms. Mikhail Gorbachev INF Treaty Glasnot Perestroika

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33.4 Changes in American Foreign Policy

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  1. 33.4 Changes in American Foreign Policy Lesson Objective: To understand the end of the Cold War and the emergence of a global economy Essential Questions: What role did America play in the new world order?

  2. Key Terms • Mikhail Gorbachev • INF Treaty • Glasnot • Perestroika • Commonwealth of Independent Nations • Tiananmen Square • Sandinista • Contras • Operation Desert Storm

  3. Key Dates • 1979- Sandinistas come to power in Nicaragua • 1983- U.S. invasion of Grenada • 1985- Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of Soviet Communist Party • 1987- Iran-Contra scandal hearings • 1988- INF Treaty is ratified • 1989- U.S. invasion of Panama • August 1991- Coup against Gorbachev fails- Communist Party outlawed • December 1991- Soviet Union dissolves • April-June 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests • January 16, 1991- Operation Desert Storm begins

  4. The End of the Cold War • Mikhail Gorbachev became secretary general of Communist Party in 1985 • Instituted two reforms in Soviet Union • Glasnot- define • Perestroika- define • Negotiated INF Treaty (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty) signed 1987- ratified 1988 • Eliminated two kinds of weapons systems and allowed inspections of nuclear sites • Ended censorship and held free elections

  5. Mikhail Gorbachev

  6. Soviet Disunion • Elections caused considerable political strife in Soviet Union • Soviet republics began to break away from Russia • Communist coup against Gorbachev- fails after 3 days • Communist party is banned from participation of government • Non-Russian soviet states declared independence • Satellite nations left to fend for themselves • Former Soviet states form Commonwealth of Independent Nations- CIS • Was not a strong alliance

  7. Germany and Poland • Gorbachev advises Eastern European nations to move towards democracy and remove soviet troops from these nations • Poland quickly moves to democracy and free-market economy • Formerly outlawed solidarity party wins first free elections • East Germany • Opens Berlin Wall in November 1989 • Holds first free elections • October 3rd 1990 Germany reunifies

  8. Eastern Europe • Czechoslovakia, Baltic States, Hungry, Romania, and Bulgaria all left Soviet Bloc • Made democratic and free market reforms • Yugoslavia collapsed • Resulted in ethnic strife and warfare • Catholics vs. Orthodox vs. Muslims • Continued into 1990s required US/ NATO involvement • Democracy and Capitalism spread through these nations and benefited US interests • Where is one place in the world today that this is being challenged?

  9. China • Began to reform economy, but not politics, during 1980s • In April 1989 Protest movement led by students quickly grows into large demonstrations in Tiananmen Square • Chinese Premier orders military to stop demonstrations- 100s are killed • Effect: China continues economic reforms- still no political liberalization

  10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeFzeNAHEhU

  11. Nicaragua • Sandinistas took power in 1979 • Carter recognized government and gave Billions in aid to them- as well as U.S.S.R. and Cuba • Reagan decides Sandinistas are Communist and backs there opposition the Contras • Reagan sends financial and military aid to the Contras- by 1983 Contra army is 10,000 strong • All done without congressional approval • Congress passes Boland Amendment which banned all military aid to the Contras • Reagan administration finds way around it • Will lead to the Iran-Contra Scandal

  12. Iran-Contra Scandal • Hezbollah took American hostages in Lebanon • Hezbollah funded by Iran • Reagan condemns Iran publicly • calls for Western Nations to stop selling Iran weapons for their war against Iraq • Secretly sells Iran weapons in exchange for release of the hostages • Uses the profits from these illegal arms sales to fund the Contras in Nicaragua • So? • Violates Regan's public policy and a Congressional Act!

  13. Iran-Contra Cont. • November 1986 this operation is made public • “I am deeply troubled that the implementation of a policy aimed at resolving a truly tragic situation in the middle East has resulted in such controversy. As I’ve stated previously, I believe that our policy goals towards Iran were well founded.” – Ronal Reagan • Summer of 1987 Congress begins investigations • Hearings are to be televised • Reagan staffer Lt. Col. Oliver North testifies to congress –North had played a key role in planning the operation • Wears military uniform, has many awards- appears as a war hero- Talks a lot about patriotism and love of country • Reagan does take full responsibility- many documents are shredded • Those staffers that were indicted were pardoned by Bush in 1992

  14. Grenada & Panama • Grenada- 1983 • Tiny island nation in the Caribbean • Reagan sent in US Marines to overthrow a pro-Cuban government • 18 US soldiers killed • Panama- 1989 • President Bush sends in over 20,000 troops to arrest General Manuel Noriega for drug trafficking • Noriega was given 40 years in prison by Miami court

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