SENTENCES

1. An introduction to writing sentences SENTENCES

2. Kinds of sentences • There are 4 kinds of sentences: • Declarative: makes a statement and ends with a period Ex: Tornadoes are among the most destructive natural disasters. • Imperative: gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period or exclamation mark Ex: Head for shelter immediately when a tornado warning is issued.

3. 3. Interrogative: asks a question and ends with a question mark Ex: Do you know where the safest place in your home is during a tornado? 4. Exclamatory: shows excitement or expresses strong feeling and ends with an exclamation mark Ex: The tornado caused millions of dollars of damage in just three minutes!

4. What kind of sentence is it? • A. Did you know that in Mississippi three 40-passenger buses were tossed over an eight-foot embankment during a tornado? • Answer: Interrogative • (it asks a question and ends in a question mark) • B. Tornado wind speeds can reach over 300 miles per hour! • Answer: Exclamatory • (it expresses strong feeling) • C. The most violent tornadoes have more than one vortex or rotating center. • Answer: Declarative (it makes a statement) • D.To protect yourself, learn all you can about tornadoes. • Answer: Imperative • (it commands/ requests us to LEARN about tornadoes)

5. What kind of sentence is it? • C. The most violent have more than one vortex or rotating center. • Answer: Declarative • (It makes a statement) • D. To protect yourself, learn all you can about tornadoes. • Answer: Imperative • (It commands/ requests us to LEARN about tornadoes?)

6. What makes a sentence complete? ⃝ It has a SUBJECT (ask “Who?” or “What?” before the verb) • Ex: In high school, we will have more homework. • Ask: “WHO “ will have more homework? Answer: WE. WE=SUBJECT ⃝ It has a VERB (the “action” or tells something about the subject) • Ex: The phone rang. • Ask: “What is the action?” Answer: rang. RANG=VERB ⃝ It makes SENSE. • Ex: The Continental Congress approved a design for the flag. • Common sentence problems: run-ons, fragments, rambling sentences, subject-verb agreement problems

7. Finding Subjects & Verbs in Simple sentences • Mr. Trujillo cherished the old photograph of his grandfather. Ask: What is the action of this sentence? What is happening? VERB: cherished Ask: Who cherished the photograph? SUBJECT: Mr. Trujillo 2. Two fallen trees blocked the trail. Ask: What happened in the sentence? What is the action? VERB: blocked Ask: Who blocked the trail? SUBJECT: trees

8. What is a clause? • A clause is a group of related words that has both a subject and a verb. • A clause can be a complete sentence OR not; it just depends on exactly what it says • Ex: I walked home in the rain. • I is the subject, and WALKED is the verb • This clause could be a sentence. • Ex: when a whole chain of plants is affected • CHAIN is the subject, and AFFECTED is the verb • This clause is NOT a sentence; it’s not complete.

9. Independent Clause: • Has a SUBJECT and a VERB • Presents a COMPLETE THOUGHT • Can stand ALONE in a sentence • Ex: This ancient oak tree may be cut down. • TREE is the subject, MAY BE CUT is the verb, AND it makes sense alone. • Ex: The highwayman knocked on the old inn door. • HIGHWAYMAN is the subject, KNOCKED is the verb, AND it makes sense alone.

10. Dependent Clause: • Has a SUBJECT and a VERB • Does NOT present a complete thought • CANNOTstand alone in a sentence. • It is a FRAGMENT. It needs to be CONNECTED to an independent clause in order to become a sentence. • Ex: If this ancient oak tree is cut down= DEPENDENT because it’s incomplete • CONNECT it to an independent clause to make it a sentence. • If this ancient oak tree is cut down, it could affect more than 200 different species of animals! • I will be sad if this ancient oak tree is cut down.

11. Let’s think about the words • When you get older and want to get your driver’s license, you want to be more INDEPENDENT. You want to be able to go somewhere ALONE. • INDEPENDENT CLAUSES CAN STAND ON THEIR OWN.

12. Right now, you are too young to drive. Therefore, you are DEPENDENT on your parents or family to take you places. • DEPENDENT CLAUSES CANNOTSTAND ON THEIR OWN.

13. Dependent clause = subordinate clause • Another name for a dependent clause is SUBORDINATE CLAUSE • The morpheme sub- means under or below(like in submarine) • A subordinate/dependent clause is “lower” than an independent clause because it can’t stand alone.

14. Subordinating Conjunctions • Many dependent clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction. • Putting a subordinating conjunction MAKES an independent clause into a dependent/ subordinate clause. • EXAMPLE: • I walked in the rain. = Independent clause • After I walked in the rain. = Dependent/subordinate due to the subordinating conjunction after. • Before I walked in the rain. = Dependent/subordinate due to the subordinating conjunction before.

15. Subordinating Conjunctions (24) After Because How If Although Before In order that As As if As long as As much as As soon as As though Since Than Unless When So that ThoughUntilWhenever Where WhereverWhile

16. Types of sentences:Simple Sentence • 1.Simple Sentence : has ONE independent clause and no subordinate clauses Examples: • Jack and Maria love in-line skating. • I love running and jumping into the pool. • Bob and Sally found a giant rock and rolled it down the hill to their house.

17. B.Simple sentences Simple Sentences have ONE independent clause and no subordinate clauses • Simple sentences can have a SINGLE subject and a SINGLE verb. Icebergs are a hazard to shipping. 2. Simple sentences can have SINGLE subject and COMPOUND verbs (2 or more verbs) Usually shipsavoid icebergs but sometimes collide with one. 3. Simple sentences can have a COMPOUND subject with a SINGLE verb. “Growlers” and “bergy bits” are two names for small Artic icebergs. 4. Simple sentences can have a COMPOUND subject and a COMPOUND verb. Icebergs and ships can collide or avoid each other in the night. NOTE: THIS IS STILL JUST ONE SENTENCE. IT CANNOT BE SEPARATED INTO 2 SENTENCES.

18. Compound Sentence Compound Sentence: has TWO or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses ***Join 2 independent clauses with COMMA + FANBOYS or a SEMICOLON.*** FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So Examples: They play on a roller-hockey team, and they enjoy the competition. My favorite cookie is chocolate chip; his favorite cookie is oatmeal raisin.

19. Compound sentences 1. Compound Sentence: has TWO or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses 2. Compound sentences are joined by a comma + FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) OR a semicolon • Pacific manta rays are the largest in the ray family, andsome of them have wingspans of 20 feet. 2. Mobilla rays are smaller than the Pacific rays ; Mobilla rays seem to enjoy swimming with and being touched by humans. • Scale is equal because BOTH sides are INDEPENDENT. • THEY CAN EACH STAND ALONE.

20. Complex Sentence: has ONE independent clause and at least one subordinate clause. ***If the subordinate clause is at the beginning, join it to the independent clause with a COMMA*** Ex: Although they are amateurs now, Jack and Maria dream of being professional skaters someday. • Dependent Clause: Although they are amateurs now • (CAN’T STAND ALONE) • Independent Clause: Jack and Maria dream of being professional skaters someday • (CAN STAND ALONE) ***If the subordinate clause is at the end, you don’t need punctuation.*** Jack and Maria dream of being professional skaters someday although they are amateurs now.

21. Complex sentences Complex = dependent clause(s) + an independent clause 1. Because the Atlantis is equipped for research, it carries a submersible called Alvin. • the dependent clause = Because the Atlantis is equipped for research = a fragment by itself • the independent clause= it carries a submersible called Alvin. = a sentence that CAN stand alone) 2. Alvin is a white and orange sub that scientists use for exploring underwater mountains. • The dependent clause = that scientists use for exploring underwater mountains • The independent clause = Alvin is a white and orange sub • The scale is NOT EQAUL. • The dependent clause needs help; it’s a fragment.

22. Compound-Complex Sentence Compound-Complex Sentence: has TWO or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. • Because they are determined to fulfill their dream, Jack and Maria practice daily, and they read books and articles about skating. • Jack and Maria practice daily, and they read books and articles about skatingbecause they are determined to fulfill their dream.

23. Compound-complex sentences Compound-Complex Sentence: has TWO or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. • THIS IS A LONG SENTENCE! • Because Roller Derby was so popular in the 1950s, fans flocked to indoor rinks to watch, or they stayed home and watched on their televisions. • Dependent clause + independent clause + independent clause • Because Roller Derby was so popular in the 1950s (dependent clause) • fans flocked to indoor rinks to watch (independent clause) • they stayed home and watched on their televisions. (independent clause)

24. Varying your sentence types • When you use a variety of sentence types (simple, compound, complex, & compound-complex), you create a more effective and dynamic paragraph!