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Mosquito Ecology Research into Vector Control Methods Reporting on Malaria Workshop

.? ?. Mosquitoes. ? Winged insects (one pair of functional wings with characteristics wing venation). ? Conspicuous forward-projecting proboscis, numerous appressed scales on the thorax, legs, abdomen and wing veins, and fringe of scales along the posterior margins of the wings.? Males have feather-like antennae. ? ? Females have antennae with small and short hairs and feed on blood. .

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Mosquito Ecology Research into Vector Control Methods Reporting on Malaria Workshop

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    1. Mosquito Ecology & Research into Vector Control Methods “Reporting on Malaria Workshop” Aklilu Seyoum, PhD. Centre for National Health Development in Ethiopia September, 2006

    2. Mosquitoes • Winged insects (one pair of functional wings with characteristics wing venation). • Conspicuous forward-projecting proboscis, numerous appressed scales on the thorax, legs, abdomen and wing veins, and fringe of scales along the posterior margins of the wings. • Males have feather-like antennae.   • Females have antennae with small and short hairs and feed on blood.

    4. The malaria vectors in Ethiopia Anopheles arabiensis Anopheles pharoensis Anopheles funestus Anopheles nili The malaria vectors in Kenya Anopheles gambiae s.s Anopheles arabiensis Anopheles funestus

    7. ADULTS After emergence seek shelter amongst vegetation until ready for mating Mating usually occurs in flight Sugar feeding in both sexes Blood feeding only females Before or after mating Females are attracted to hosts by various stimuli (host odors)

    8. Host preferences Some species feed on humans Some feed on mammals Others feed on birds Biting times and places Day light (yellow fever vectors) Night (malaria vectors) Peak biting hours variable Some feed indoor others prefer outdoor Some rest indoor others prefer outdoor (among vegetation, in cracks and crevices in trees, under bridges, in caves and cracks on grounds) Usually disperse about 2 km Oviposition Anopheles usually on water surface Preferred oviposition sites vary for different species

    9. Eggs Newly laid eggs are white, but, turn brown Usually lay 30-500 eggs Anopheles usually can not tolerate dryness

    10. Larvae All aquatic and possess four larval instars Speed of development depends on food supply, water temperature and species Feed other small organisms Larval habitats Ground habitats Still waters Permanent Temporary Flowing water Container habitats Natural Man made

    13. Pupa Occur at water surface Unable to feed, but, move 2-3 days in tropics

    14. Malaria Vector Control Methods Insecticide treated mosquito nets Indoor Residual House Spraying Environmental Management Larviciding Genetic control (under development)

    15. Insecticide treated nets Distribution mechanisms Efficacy of different insecticides Proper use and KAP studies Assessing impact on disease burden Cost-effectiveness Insecticide resistance Evaluation of wash resistance of long lasting treatments Comparative studies

    16. Indoor Residual Spraying Insecticide susceptibility studies Vector behavior Cost-effectiveness (DDT vs. others) Efficacy of additional insecticides Comparative studies (DDT vs. pyrethroid)

    17. Environmental management and larviciding Impact at different epidemiological settings Comparison of different mosquito larvicides and formulations Synergetic effects of Bti and Bs

    18. Transgenic Mosquitoes Principle: genetically transforming mosquitoes to be less efficient vectors or non transmitters of malaria Lab-reared mosquitoes genetically modified Release into the wild (outdoor cages, islands, ecologically isolated areas) Breed with the wild relatives & introduce into the wild population the genes for disease resistance Number of disease carrying, non-resistant mosquitoes reduced or replaced The size of the targeted wild mosquito population Fitness of the genetically engineered mosquitoes

    19. Sterile Insect Technique Principle: Make insects sterile, mainly using radiation Successfully used in Tse-Tse control Research underway for malaria vectors including Anopheles arabiensis Determine optimal dose range It needs the release of large number of sterile males (10:1) Effectiveness is dependent on population structure and dynamics Effective when the target populations are small and the target area is isolated

    20. Challenges of Genetic Control strategies Lack of knowledge on Male Biology Mating behavior Colonization and mass production effects Population Biology Ethical, legal and social issues Need to confirm that it is safe No legal framework yet exists for introduction of such organisms

    21. Thank You!

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