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Genes and Proteins

Genes and Proteins. Investigation 1. Genes and Proteins. DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Long, double stranded, molecule made up of chemical building blocks called nucleotides Nucleotides consist of a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases Adenine (A) ̶ Cytosine (C)

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Genes and Proteins

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  1. Genes and Proteins

  2. Investigation 1 Genes and Proteins

  3. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Long, double stranded, molecule made up of chemical building blocks called nucleotides • Nucleotides consist of a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases • Adenine (A) ̶ Cytosine (C) • Guanine (G) ̶ Thymine (T) • Different combinations of the nitrogen bases make up a person’s unique DNA

  4. DNA • DNA has the appearance of a ladder that has been twisted. It is called a Double Helix

  5. DNA • Each molecule of DNA consists of smaller segments called genes. • Genes contain the information to make Proteins • Proteins are large molecules that are made up of amino acids (building blocks) • Cells convert info from genes into proteins with the help of RNA

  6. RNA • Ribonucleic Acid • Single strand molecule, made up of nucleotides like DNA except thymine is replaced • Adenine (A) ̶ Cytosine (C) • Guanine (G) ̶ Uracil (U) • RNA acts as messenger (mRNA) and carries DNA information to other parts of the cell that make proteins

  7. DNA into RNA • The conversion of DNA into RNA is known as TRANSCRIPTION • Transcription takes place in the nucleus and it converts DNA into RNA • When DNA is converted to RNA there is a set of rules that are followed. This rule is known as the Base Pairing Rule

  8. Base Pairing Rule • Each base in DNA pairs or matches up with a base that will be used to create RNA • After RNA is made it acts as a messenger and carries code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes

  9. Transcription • DNA Double Helix unwinds and allows for base pairs to form RNA • Once the RNA single strand is formed the DNA is twisted back together and the RNA prepares to leave the Nucleus

  10. Translation • RNA leaves the nucleus to ribosomes where the RNA code is translated into a protein • RNA code is translated into proteins in groups of three base nucleotides called Codons • Each codon group corresponds to a specific amino acid • Each Amino Acid has at least one codon; some more than one • There are codons that signal to stop the making of proteins

  11. Protein Synthesis • Transcription and Translation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nQH0GqFn6k

  12. Mutations • Mutation is a change in the sequence of nucleotides in a gene • Three Basic Mutations • Substitution: one nucleotide is changed into a different nucleotide • Insertion: one or more nucleotides are inserted (added) into the DNA sequence • Deletion: one or more nucleotides are deleted (removed) from the DNA sequence

  13. Investigation 2 Genes and Proteins

  14. Proteins • Once the RNA has been translated into Amino Acids the Amino form proteins • Wild-Type Protein- a protein that is produced with no mutations

  15. Proteins • Proteins fold in certain ways in order to perform certain functions • Proteins bind or attach to another molecule at a binding or active site • Binding Sites are formed by neighboring amino acids that are positioned together to form a pocket into which fits a molecule • Each Amino Acid has a different shape, so when they come together the pocket the form fits a specific molecule exactly.

  16. Investigation 3 Genes and Proteins

  17. DNA • DNA is found in the nucleus of almost all body cells • Inside the Nucleus the DNA is located in special structures called Chromosomes • Chromosomes- contain many genes

  18. Chromosomes • Each body cell contains two copies of each chromosomes, these copies are called Homologous Chromosomes • Each chromosome in a homologous pair came from each parent • Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but they are not identical, they contain different alleles or versions of the genes

  19. Cell Division • Cells in the body divide and produce new Cells in the process called the Cell Cycle • The Cell Cycle is divided into different parts • Interphase • Mitosis • Cytokinesis

  20. Cell Cycle Step 1:Interphase • Cell grows larger • DNA is replicated • Each chromosome in a pair is copied • The two identical copies of each chromosome are called Sister Chromatids • They are attached together by a structure called centromere • Cells prepares for division

  21. Centromere

  22. Cell Cycle Step 2:Mitosis • Mitosis is divided into 4 phases • PMAT • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  23. Mitosis Phase 1:Prophase • Prophase: the nuclear membrane dissolves • Chromosomes condense into rod-like structures that can be seen with a microscope

  24. Mitosis Phase 2:Metaphase • Metaphase: spindle fibers have formed in the cell • Chromosomes line up as pairs of duplicated homologous chromosomes in the center of the cell

  25. Mitosis Phase 3:Anaphase • Anaphase: chormatids separate and move down the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell

  26. Mitosis Phase 4:Telophase • Telophase: chromatids have moved to the ends of the spindle fibers and the spindle fibers disappear • Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes • Cell is prepared to divide

  27. Cell Cycle Step 3: Cytokinesis • Third step in the Cell Cycle is Cytokinesis, cells divide into two separate new cells Telophase

  28. Human Body Cells • Human body contain many cells that scientist classify into two groups • Somatic or Body Cells • Gametes or Sex Cells

  29. Human Body Cells • Somatic Body Cells- Cells that make up different parts of the body such as: stomach, skin, muscles, and other organs • Gametes or Sex Cells – cells that make up egg or sperm cells • Gametes are responsible for passing on Genetic information from one generation to another • Gametes cells divide through meiosis

  30. People to know

  31. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins • In 1951 made a crystal of the DNA molecule.  • DNA crystallized allowing them to make an x-ray pattern • The pattern appeared to contain rungs, like those on a ladder between to strands that are side by side. 

  32. James Watson and Francis Crick • In 1953 using the X-ray picture from Franklin and Wilkins, made a double helix with little rungs connecting the two strands. • These rungs were the bases of a nucleotide. • Using the Base Pairing rule they were able to figure out the stability of the structure

  33. DNA Structure

  34. Nobel Prize • 1962 Watson, Crick, and Wilkins Received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for their 1953 determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid  • Rosalind Franklin was not awarded the prize because she had died a few years prior

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