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Punctuation 1: Comma, Series

Punctuation 1: Comma, Series. Separate three or more equally ranked words, phrases, or short clauses with commas. Place a comma between each item and before the conjunction and , but , or nor. Example with words: Example with phrases: Example with short clauses:. Comma, Parenthetical.

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Punctuation 1: Comma, Series

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  1. Punctuation 1: Comma, Series • Separate three or more equally ranked words, phrases, or short clauses with commas. Place a comma between each item and before the conjunction and, but, or nor.

  2. Example with words: Example with phrases: Example with short clauses:

  3. Comma, Parenthetical Set off with commas any words that are unnecessary for the grammatical completeness of the sentence and that interrupt its natural flow. A partial listing of these parenthetical expressions are:

  4. Accordingly Indeed Also Nevertheless Consequently Of course Furthermore On the other hand Hence Perhaps However Secondly In addition Therefore In fact Too In the meantime Yes

  5. Comma, Parenthetical Beginning Middle End

  6. Comma, Direct Address Set off with commas nouns used in direct address. Capitalize only proper nouns.

  7. Beginning of a sentence Middle of a sentence End of a sentence

  8. Comma, Appositive An appositive renames or explains the noun that appears directly before it. Set off with commas appositive expressions.

  9. Within a sentence End of a sentence

  10. Comma, Appositive When appositive expressions are needed to identify the nouns they rename or explain, omit the commas. Also, omit the commas with one-word appositives.

  11. Indicates which one One-word appositive

  12. Comma, Appositive Another appositive form is a college degree that follows directly after the name of an individual. Set off the degree in commas.

  13. Degree abbreviated Degree written in full

  14. Comma, Dates Separate combinations of weekday, calendar date, and year with commas. No commas are used, however, with a calendar date expressed alone.

  15. Calendar date—no commas Calendar date and year—commas Weekday and calendar date—commas Weekday, calendar date, and year—commas

  16. Comma, Dates Expressions of month and year are written without commas. Without commas

  17. Comma, Addresses Use commas to set off a state name following the name of a city. Within a sentence

  18. Commas, Addresses In the body of a document, spell out and separate with commas the parts of an address. Name and complete address

  19. Comma, Coordinating Conjunctions When two complete independent thoughts are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor), place a comma before the conjunction.

  20. Comma, Independent Adjectives When two or more independent adjectives modify a noun, separate the adjectives with commas. Reverse the adjectives and insert the word and to test whether or not the adjectives are independent.

  21. Independent adjectives Adjectives not independent

  22. Comma, Introductory Phrases and Clauses A sentence appearing in normal order follows a subject-verb-object pattern. Normal order

  23. However, when a sentence is inverted, it contains an introductory phrase or clause.

  24. Comma, Introductory Phrases and Clauses Place a comma after an introductory expression that contains any verb form.

  25. Comma, Restrictive Phrases and Clauses Restrictive phrases and clauses are essential to the meaning of a sentence. If they are removed, the meaning of the sentence would be altered or unclear.

  26. Essential for identification or meaning

  27. Comma, Nonrestrictive Phrases and Clauses Nonrestrictive phrases and clauses add an additional idea but do not substantially modify the meaning of a sentence. If they are were removed, the meaning of the sentence would not be altered. Use commas to set off nonrestrictive word groups from the remainder of the sentence.

  28. Additional idea

  29. Comma, Contrasting or Contingent Expressions Contrasting or contingent expressions should be set off by commas. Come words often used to introduce contrasting expressions are but, never, not, seldom, and yet.

  30. Comma, Clarity Separate with a comma two identical verbs that appear together in a sentence.

  31. Comma, Clarity Words repeated for emphasis are separated by a comma.

  32. Comma, Short Quotations Use a comma to separate from the rest of the sentence a complete sentence set off in quotation marks.

  33. Beginning Quotation Ending Quotation Interrupted Quotation

  34. Comma, Short Quotations No comma is needed when a quotation at the beginning of a sentence ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.

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