Challenges of a New Nation

1. Challenges of a New Nation

2. The political changes under our 1st president Important facts about the Presidents that followed GW The debate between strict constructionists and loose constructionists Another war with Great Britain & American foreign policy  rise of nationalism! Andrew Jackson as President and the battle between states and national rights & Native American issues Territorial Expansion of the new United States Today we are going to Discuss:

3. The New Republic- Challenges & Changes

4. Washington inaugurated as 1st President- April 1789 • Washington’s actions as president: • Federalist- favored strong, central government • Set up the cabinet (a group of advisers to the president) • Named heads of departments created by Congress • Important Ones to Note: Jefferson named secretary of state and Hamilton secretary of the treasury. • Other important political changes: • Political Party Divisions Federalists led by Hamilton & Democratic-Republicans (called Republicans at the time) led by Jefferson & Madison • Differed in their ideals of how the country should be governed Our First President

5. Federalists • Washington & Hamilton were leaders • Favored a strong central government • Most party members were wealthy, urban, Northerners • Republicans • Aka Democratic-Republicans • NOT the same Republican Party we have today • Led by Jefferson and Madison • Favored a less centralized government • Party members were rural farmers, less wealthy The First Political Parties

6. What is one ‘thing’ a country/gov’t needs to be successful?

7. The new government had no money to pay for daily expenses, and owed money to foreign nations, private lenders, and soldiers. • Many soldiers from the Revolutionary War never got paid!! • Hamilton did not share Republican ideals, and believed the wealthy were the key to a stable government. • Enlightened ruling (and wealthy) class needed to sustain a stable and effective government • Hamilton created a controversial three–point plan. Hamilton’s Financial Plan

8. The federal government should take on both state and national debt. (pay off at a lower interest rate) • No intention of paying off debt, but creating a system in which creditor ( the wealthy) had a permanent stake in the national gov’t (MD, PA, NC, VA-debt free states) 2. The government should raise revenue by passing tariffs. (breaking England’s manufacturing hold on the U.S.) - Protect American goods from foreign competition 3. The United States should create a national bank and mint to stabilize the banking system. (Hold gov’t funds and make loans to borrowers) Hamilton’s 3 Part Plan

9. Many argued against his plan: • Only favored wealthy • Unfair to the original bondholders who had sold their bonds at a low price during hard economic times (would help speculators who bought for 10-15 cents) • Argument over the assumption of state debts- not all states had large debts, unfair to pay for others • Most controversy over the idea of a National Bank Hamilton’s 3 part plan

10. Some people, such as Jefferson, believed the government did not have the power to create a national bank because it was not specifically granted in the Constitution. strict constructionists. Some people, such as Hamilton, pointed out that the Constitution allows actions that are not strictly prohibited, including creating a national bank.loose constructionists. Washington was uncertain, but finally signed the bill The Bank of the United States began operations in 1791. Bank of the United States

11. The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized a judicial branch with a six-person Supreme Court, as well as district courts and circuit courts of appeal. • Washington named John Jay as chief justice of the Supreme Court. Other Political changes cont.: Judiciary Act of 1789

12. Many urged Washington to run for yet another term, but he declined “The line between Parties, had become “so clearly drawn” that politicians would “regard neither truth nor decency; attacking every character, without respect to persons – Public or Private, – who happen to differ from themselves in Politics.” • Even though Hamilton was the most prominent member of the Federalist party, he was not named the nominee – they chose John Adams • Election resulted in a party split President & Vice President – John Adams (President- Federalists); Thomas Jefferson (Vice President- Republican) • Not until 12th amendment that President and Vice President were no longer on separate tickets Election of 1796- A New President

13. Alien & Sedition Acts • Alien Act- created obstacles for immigrants who wished to become Americans • Sedition Act- allowed gov’t to prosecute those who engaged in actions against gov’t (violated 1st Amendment, but no judicial review) • Seen as a Federalist attack on Republicans • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Supreme Court had not established right to nullify legislation. Left up to states • Congress had exercised un delegated powers and the states had the right to nullify laws Legislation Controversy

14. Jefferson elected President in 1800 • Limited the role of federal gov’t • Abolished internal taxes (only income from tariffs and selling of land) • Reduced government spending • Cut staff of executive department • Scaled down size of armed forces • Lowered national debt in half • $83 million to $45 million The Jeffersonian Era

15. Fast Forward While the next three Presidents were important, we are going to fast forward through their terms in office… James Madison (1809-1817) James Monroe (1817-1825) John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

16. 1828- Andrew Jackson becomes president. • Jackson and his supporters created a new political party that would become known as the Democratic Party • J.Q. Adams and his supporters became known as the National Republicans (later, Whigs). • Jacksonian Democracy: • Promoted strength of presidency & executive branch at expense of Congress • Broaden public participation in government (expanded voting rights to ALL white males) • President of the “Common Man”- equal protection and benefits for all white males – the continued subjugation of African Americans and Native Americans • Expand the nation’s boundaries The Age of Jackson

18. Native American Issues Indian Removal Act- legislation that called for the forced relocation of Native tribes to an area West of the Mississippi River US army supervised the move For most, it was a march hundreds of miles long in miserable conditions http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2014/06/17/interactive_map_loss_of_indian_land.html?wpsrc=sh_all_mob_tw_top Trail of Tears- a term that symbolizes the suffering of all the Native American nations impacted by their forced removal

19. Marbury vs.Madison-Supreme Court ruled that they had the right to declare a law unconstitutional • JUDICIAL REVIEW • Jefferson’s Presidency (William Marbury sues James Madison) • McCulloch v. Maryland: Sided with the federal government on the national bank issue, holding national interests above state interests (James McCulloch, employee of the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the U.S., sues MD when MD tries to close the bank through taxing it $15,000. This is a federal/state issue) Important Supreme Court Decisions

20. American Foreign Policy

21. Jay’s Treaty 1794 • Trouble with the British • Jay was to secure compensation for recent British attacks on American shipping in West Indies • Demand withdrawal of British troops from frontier • Negotiate a new commercial treaty • Failed on most parts, BUT able to establish American sovereignty over frontier • Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 • Agreement with the Spanish • Recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to New Orleans Fix boundary of Florida • Require Spanish to prevent Indians from launching raids across border Jay & Pinckney’s Treaties

22. XYZ Affair 1797 • Adams sent 3 delegates to France to avoid war • French asked for $ and bribes • Adams asked Congress for war • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyuZRcxpCKM • Quasi War • Undeclared war with France • Cut off all trade • Capture French ships • Became an ally of British • Napoleon negotiated a treaty in 1800 Quasi War with France

23. 1803- Napoleonic Wars break out between France & Great Britain- U.S. caught in the middle • British impressment (seizing Americans to become part of British navy) • Americans merchant ships being stopped • British aiding Native Americans • Americans win! • Effects  STRONG national pride, foreign respect for the United States The War of 1812

24. The Monroe Doctrine: Made America off-limits to European colonization; stated that America should stay out of European affairs and vice versa “the American continents are no longer subjects for any new European colonial establishments” The United States would view further colonization “as dangerous to our peace and safety” Stay out of our business, we will stay out of yours! Early Foreign Policy

25. Territorial Changes in the Early 19th Century

26. By 1790, 120,000 settlers lived west of the Appalachian Mountains – had to discuss how to handle their place in the new nation. • Ordinance 1784- Divided western territory into 10 self-governing districts that could petition Congress for statehood when its population reached that of the smallest state • Northwest Ordinance 1787- abandoned the Ordinance of 1784 and created a single Northwest Territory out of land North of Ohio River • Territory could be divided • Set a minimum population of 60,000 for statehood • Freedom of religion • Trial by jury • Prohibited slavery The land out west

27. One of Jefferson’s major achievements was the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France, known as the Louisiana Purchase. The purchase of new territory raised complicated questions for Jefferson. How would a strict constructionist view this purchase? What would a loose constructionist argue? Be able to explain why! Louisiana Purchase

28. Louisana Purchase One of Jefferson’s major achievements was the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France, known as the Louisiana Purchase. The purchase of new territory raised complicated questions for Jefferson. The Constitution didn’t give him the authority to purchase new land. Jefferson finally decided that the right to purchase territory was implicit in the constitutional power to make treaties. Once the purchase was approved, Jefferson sent out expeditions, including the Lewis and Clark expedition. The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the Pacific Ocean and mapped and surveyed much territory along the way.

30. The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): Acquired Florida as a boundary between Louisiana and Spanish land; let Americans settle Oregon for 10 years Adams-Onis Treaty

31. Mexico and Texas Texas Revolution 1836 Texans gained independence from Mexico (Remember the Alamo!) After, Texans agreed to join the United States After a large debate, Texas became a state in 1845 Mexican American War President James Polk wanted more territory and Mexico was unwilling After a boundary dispute, war was declared in 1846 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in which Mexico gave up their possession of a large area of land that became New Mexico and California

32. Hundreds of thousands of Americans migrated West in the 1840s and 1850s, settling in different places, yet sharing the dream of new opportunity. Some Americans believed in Manifest Destiny, which meant they thought it was America’s God-given right to settle western lands. Several major western trails were well-established by 1850 Manifest Destiny Encourages Settlers

34. Several major western trails were well-established by 1850: • The Santa Fe Trail led from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. • TheOregon Trail was the longest, most famous trail leading from Independence Missouri to the Willamette Valley in Oregon. • The Mormon Trail was the path that Joseph Smith’s persecuted Mormons followed in search of religious freedom in the West. Manifest Destiny Encourages Settlers

35. In 1848 a carpenter discovered gold at John Sutter’s sawmill in northern California. • News of gold spread and many migrated to California; this mass migration of miners, and businesspeople who made money from miners, was called the Gold Rush. • The 80,000 migrants called forty-niners left for California in 1849; this population boom enabled California’s statehood a year later. The Gold Rush