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Ethnicity

Ethnicity . Chapter 7 Unit IV. Ethnicity. Ethnicity is a sense of pride for people A link to ancestors, cultural traditions; food and music Your ethnic group has important measurable diff. Ave. income, life expectancy, IMR Ethnicity also shows discrimination in history

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Ethnicity

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  1. Ethnicity Chapter 7 Unit IV

  2. Ethnicity • Ethnicity is a sense of pride for people • A link to ancestors, cultural traditions; food and music • Your ethnic group has important measurable diff. • Ave. income, life expectancy, IMR • Ethnicity also shows discrimination in history • Either by or against another group

  3. Controversy in the U.S. • 3 questions to ask ourselves • To what extent does discrimination persist against minority ethnicities, especially African Americans and Hispanics? • Should preferences be given to minority ethnicities to correct past patterns of discrimination? • To what extent should the distinct cultural identity of ethnicities be encouraged or protected?

  4. Lets clear this up • Ethnicity: is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. • Race: identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor • Comparison chart on my wiki

  5. Alas…Where and Why! • Guess what we’re interested in!? • Where ethnicities are distributed across space • Tied to places bcancestors were born and raised there • Cultural traits derive from part. Conditions and practices • Why ethnicities have distinct traits should now be fam. • Derives from interplay with other groups and isolation • Ethnicity is the strongest preserver of local diversity • Ethnicity is immutable

  6. Where are Ethnicities Distributed DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S. • 2 largest ethnicities in the U.S. • Hispanic (Latino) 14% and African Americans(AA) 12% CLUSTERING • Within a region of a country and within a city Regionally • AA=SE • Hispanics=SW • Asian=West • Native Americans=SW/NW Plains

  7. African-Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

  8. Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

  9. Asian Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

  10. Native Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

  11. Concentration in Cities • 1/4 of all Americans live in cities…more than 1/2 of AA live in cities • Concentration differs in cities too • Detroit: 1/10 MI total pop, more than 1/2 the states AA • Chicago: 1/4 IL total pop, more than 1/2 the states AA • Hispanic distribution is similar to AA • Clustering in neighborhoods • Once inhabited by European immigrants • Minorities then moved in

  12. Ethnicities in Chicago Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

  13. Ethnicities in Los Angeles Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

  14. African American Migration Patterns • 3 Major flows have shaped current dist. of AA in U.S. • “Immigration from” Africa to American colonies: 18th C • “ ” Southern U.S. to N cities during 1st half of 20th C • “ ” Inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during 2nd half of 20th C and 1st decade of 21st C

  15. Forced Migration • First Africans in U.S. Jamestown 1619 • Slave trade banned in U.S. 1808 • Roughly 250K more brought in • Popularity of slavery started by Romans • Feudal system replaces it in Europe • Slave trade diffuses to western hemisphere • Spanish & Portuguese 16th C • Brits, Danes, & French 17th C • All took advantage of superior weapons and coastal Africans

  16. African Source Areas for Slavery Fig. 7.7: Europeans obtained African slaves mainly from the western coast of Africa. Arabs and others also obtained slaves from Eastern Africa.

  17. Triangular Slave Trade Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

  18. Forced Migration • Triangle Slave Route: efficient trading pattern • Europe W Africa (Cloth for Slaves), W Africa  Caribbean (Slaves for Molasses/Sugar) Caribbean  Europe w/ sugar and molasses • Addition of 13 colonies makes it a rectangle • Deplorable transportation conditions • Controversy in U.S. in 1800s • Emancipation proclamation/13th Amendment • Sharecropper: work fields rented form a landowner and pays rent by sharing crops

  19. Cotton Sharecroppers in U.S.

  20. Diagram of a Slave Ship

  21. Immigration North • Machinery reduces demand for labor in S • Industrial boom in the north is a pull factor • 4 main routes taken • Carolinas/S Atlantic  BTL, PHILA, & NY (Rt. 1) • Bama/E Tenn  Detroit (I-75) • Miss/W Tenn  St. Louis & Chicago (I-77) • Texas  Cali (I-10 & I-20) • Big moves before and after WWI & WWII • Wars created jobs and jobs needed filled

  22. African American Migration in the U.S., 20th century Fig. 7-8: 20th century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

  23. Expansion of the Ghetto • Many AA moved to neighborhoods where AA already were est. • Cramming into tight quarters • 500K AA in 3 mile radius in Chicago • 250K AA in 1 mile radius in Baltimore • Slight expansion over the years

  24. African Americans in Baltimore Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

  25. “Separate but Equal” • Discouragement of spatial interaction • Legal means, cultural preferences, or discrimination • Plessy v. Ferguson: Separate BUT equal… • “Jim Crow” Laws • Separate schools, restaurants, hotels, etc. • Restrictions on selling homes to blacks

  26. Segregation in the U.S.

  27. “White Flight” • Brown v. Board of Education • Separate but equal is unconstitutional • Rather than integrate, whites fled • Anticipated black immigration to “white” areas • Blockbusting: convincing white homeowners living near black areas to sell homes at a low price • Segregation and inequality persists today

  28. Division by Race in South Africa • Apartheid: physical separation of different races into different geographic regions • South Africa 4 races: Black, White, Colored, Asian • Living, working, schooling, shopping dependent on ^ • Brits defeat the Dutch (Boers & Afrikaans) 1902 • 1948 Afrikaaners gain political power • Refused to give up power, created apartheid • Homelands • 4 created homelands • 6 proposed

  29. Black “Homelands” in South Africa Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

  30. Train Station Stairs for Blacks South Africa under Apartheid

  31. Train Station Stairs for Whites South Africa under Apartheid

  32. Ethnicities  Nationalities? • Difference between ethnicity and nationality • Nationality: identity w/ group of people who share legal attachment & personal allegiance to a particular country • Ethnicity based on things like: religion, language, material culture • Nationality based on: voting, passport, civic duties

  33. Ethnicities  Nationalities? • Moroccan Student in US: dark skin=race, citizenship in Morocco=nationality, Islamic faith=ethnicity • 19th C European immigrants, ethnicity not nationality • Most countries did not exist when they migrated; • Austrian-Hungarian, Russian, or Prussian empires • Immigrants:ethnicity more important than nationality

  34. Nation States • Self-determination: ethnicities have the right to govern themselves • Desire for self-rule is why ethnicities  nationalities • Nation-state: state who’s territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality • Europe 19th C • Fall of Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires • German National Socialists • Denmark: Schleswig-Holstein, Faeroe Islands

  35. Nationalism • Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a nationality • Most states: mass media fosters nationalism • Most countries have gov’t control over media • Flags, patriotic songs, holidays • Nationalism through negative views of other nations • Centripetal force: attitude that unifies ppl and enhances support for a state • Best way to achieve support: emphasize shared attitudes

  36. Multinational States • State that contains more than one ethnicity is multi-ethnic state • Belgium: Dutch-Flemish and French-Walloons • Multinational states: contain two+ ethnic groups w/ traditions of self-determination that agree to co-exist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities • Relationships vary, some peaceful, some dominant • United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, N Ireland • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

  37. Former Soviet Unition • Until its collapse, S.U.=largest multinational state • 15 republics based on largest ethnicities • The split of S.U. created 15 new countries • 5 groups: • 3 Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania • 3 European: Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine • 5 Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan • 3 Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia • Russia

  38. Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

  39. Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

  40. Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

  41. Russia: Largest Multinational State • Russia recognizes 39 ethnicities • Many want independence • 20+% of country is non-Russian • Chechnya • Bitterness towards Russia for S.U. dominance • Discrimination against Russians in former S.U. countries

  42. Ethnic Groups in Russia Fig. 7-12: Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.

  43. Russian Soldiers in Chechnya The Russian army has occupied and destroyed much of Chechnya in suppressing Chechen rebel groups.

  44. Turmoil in the Caucasus • Azeri’s: Turkish roots, independence w/ fall of S.U • 16M live in NW Iran (24% pop) • Fragmented state: Armenia divides Nakhchivan • Armenian’s: Turkish roots, independence after WWI • 1921Turk/Russ divide between • 1991 regains independence • Conflict over land in Azerbaijan but inhabited by Armenians

  45. Ethnicities in the Caucasus Fig. 7-13: The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

  46. Skipping “Revival of Ethnic ID” • Make sure you read up on: • Ethnicity and Communism And • Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe

  47. Competition in the Horn of Africa • Ethiopia and Eritrea • Fight over Eritrea independence (1961-91) • Fights resume in 1998 over boarder dispute • 2000 Ethiopia wins and takes disputed lands • Sudan • Black Christians in S and Arab Muslims in N • Muslim controlled gov’t wants a unified Muslim Nat. • Segregation laws and Darfur

  48. Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa Fig. 7-14: There have been numerous inter-ethnic civil conflicts in the countries of the Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia).

  49. Refugee Camp in Darfur, Sudan Farmers from Darfur in western Sudan have been chased from their homes by agents of the Sudanese government.

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