Lecture 18: The Rise of the European Kingdoms

1. Lecture 18: The Rise of the European Kingdoms

2. -- England: 1066 King Harold defeated by William of Normandy (“Norman conquest”): results from Viking raids – French allow Vikings to colonize northern France in return for protection from other Viking raiders -- By 1013 Viking attacks in England cause Anglo-Saxon kings to flee to Normandy until 1042 -- Power vacuum created by death of Anglo-Saxon King Edward in 1066 invites invasion of King Harald of Norway who is defeated but England left weak, causing next invasion by William of Normandy -- Battle of Hastings results in Norman conquest of England; Domesday Book (survey of population for tax purposes); supremacy of French culture in England

3. -- By 12th c. Henry II (Plantagenet) creates monarchial state; marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose former husband is Louis VII of France -- Power of Church reduced after death of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (clergy can now be tried in civil courts); England has first written law code, which is basis of common law -- Richard I (the “Lion Heart”) begins Third Crusade and defends territory against Philip II of France; brother John loses Normandy and other territories in France -- King John’s unpopularity leads to armed rebellion with nobles: “Magna Carta” – agreement imposing legal limits on king -- By end of 10th c. France ruled by “Capetian” kings; France only Isle-de-France (small area around Paris)

4. -- Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) returns Normandy, Maine, Anjou and Aquitaine to French -- By 1200’s France most powerful kingdom in Europe -- In 13th c. papal-royal crusade against Albigensian or Cathar heretics leads to incorporation of Languedoc in France -- 1302 King Philip IV creates “estates general” – representative parliament of Church (1st estate), Nobility (2nd estate) and towns (3rd estate) -- Germany (Holy Roman Empire): develops from East Frankish kingdom of East Francia -- 913-936 Franks, Saxons, Swabians and Bavarians unite under Duke Henry of Saxony, who becomes King of the Germans

5. -- 951 Otto the Great adds Lombardy, defeats Slavs and Magyars and is crowned Holy Roman Empire; 1033 Burgundy added -- Son, Henry III supports Cluniac reform of the Church (Peace of God, prohibition against simony, celibacy of priests) -- After 1077 German emperor forced to recognize authority of pope; 1122 Concordat of Worms (reconciliation of Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII after dispute regarding appointment to ecclesiastic offices) -- After 1100 new towns founded around imperial strongholds rather than churches; towns establish municipal rights and liberties (Imperial Free Cities); ruled by patricians (merchants) -- 1152 – 1190 cities join Hanseatic League; under Frederick I (Barbarossa) empire reaches its peak; 1212-1250 Frederick II recovers Jerusalem

6. -- 1226 Frederick orders Teutonic Knights to conquer Prussia; many German cities established along Baltic Sea; throughout 1300’s Germany involved foremost in crusades -- Between 1000-1300, reforming clerics in Christian Church create Catholic orthodoxy as it is today (celibacy, no buying of Church offices, centralized control) -- Reform begun in Burgundy (eastern France) at Abbey of Cluny (“Cluniac reform”) -- Pope Leo IX (1049-1054) begins papal reform; changes office of cardinal to include reforming clerics from all over Europe who elect pope directly -- Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) forced into exile after King Henry IV of Germany challenges him over secular rulers’ right to elect church officials

7. -- Concordat of Worms: compromise between the German kings and the Church which allowed Church to appoint church officials but bishops required to pay homage to kings -- High Middle Ages sees rise of cults of saints: through prayer saints would intervene in daily lives of individuals -- Indulgences (forgiveness for sins) could be purchased, lessening time in purgatory -- Church defines the sacraments for the first time: baptism, marriage, the Eucharist, confession, and extreme unction become essential to Christian life; after 4th Lateran Council in 1215, annual confession becomes mandatory -- Response to growing wealth and influence of the Church would be anti-clericism and development of new sects (Catharism/ Albigensianism) and new fundamentalist religious orders

8. -- Franciscans founded by St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226); Dominicans by Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221): both preach virtue of poverty and establish schools; Beguines (order of nuns who begged or worked at menial jobs) -- Waldensians: founded by Peter Waldo in 1173: attempt to preach the Bible in the vernacular (French); criticized wealth of priests, which undermined power of Church leaders, they were condemned as heretics -- Albigensians (or Cathari: “pure”): from southern French town of Albi, combined dislike of Church’s wealth and power with belief in two gods: god of good who reigned over the spirit, god of evil who reigned over world of matter -- Albigensians believed in reincarnation, rejection of material life, physical appetites; massacred during crusades lead by Pope Innocent II in over 20 year period beginning in in 1208

9. -- During High Middle Ages, Jews forced into position of second-class citizens; forced to wear identifying clothing and prevented from working in the trades -- After 4th Lateran Council, Pope Innocent requires that Jews wear yellow badges or ribbons, special veils and cloaks and live in separate neighborhoods to distinguish themselves from Christians -- 1290 King Edward of England expels the Jews from England -- In the 13th century, the Church identifies homosexuals as Muslim and Albigensian heretics -- By High Middle Ages, Church grows powerful enough to hire soldiers and officials to enforce its narrow interpretation of Christianity on its followers and many turn away from it