1 / 41

Chapter Two

Chapter Two. Population. Introduction. Population is studied to provide a basis of understanding issues in Human Geography Population is important for three reasons: More people are alive today Population increased faster in the 2 nd half of the 20 th century than ever before

irma
Download Presentation

Chapter Two

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter Two Population

  2. Introduction • Population is studied to provide a basis of understanding issues in Human Geography • Population is important for three reasons: • More people are alive today • Population increased faster in the 2nd half of the 20th century than ever before • Almost all population growth is in LDC’s • Demography is the study of population growth and it looks at how people are spatially distributed by age, gender, occupation, fertility, health, etc…

  3. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? I. Population Concentrations • 2/3 of the world’s population (6 ¾ billion) are in four regions: • East Asia • South Asia • Southeast Asia • Western Europe

  4. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? • 2/3 of the world’s population live with in 300 miles of an Ocean • The four population clusters are all: • low-lying areas • have fertile soil • temperate climates

  5. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? East Asia: • 1/5 of the world’s population • China, Koreas, Japan, & Taiwan • 5/6 live in China (the most populous country in the world) • Most people are farmers in rural areas

  6. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? South Asia: • 1/5 of the world’s Population • India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka • India is the 2nd most populous country in the world • Most people are farmers in rural areas

  7. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? • Southeast Asia: • Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, & the Philippines • Europe: • 1/9 of the world’s population & 3rd largest population cluster in the world • ¾ of Europe’s inhabitants live in cities

  8. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? Other Population Clusters: • Largest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere is the northeastern US & southeastern Canada – 2% of the world’s population • Most Americans are urban dwellers • West Africa 2% of the world’s population – mostly in Nigeria

  9. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? II. Sparsely Populated Regions • Ecumene is the portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement • Dry Lands: • 20% of the Earth’s surface is too dry for farming • People adapt by using irrigation, raise animals like Camels, & settle for cultivation of natural resources such as oil • Wet Lands • The rain & heat hinders agriculture

  10. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? • Cold Lands: • Polar regions • Permafrost prevents agriculture, few animals can survive, & few humans can live here • High Lands: • Few people live at high elevations with the exception of areas in Latin America & Africa

  11. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? III. Population Density • Density (# of people occupying an area of land) is looked at by: • Arithmetic Density, • Physiological Density • Agricultural Density

  12. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? Arithmetic Density: • Arithmetic Density is the total number of people divided by the total area of land aka population density • Calculated by the total population & total land area • Varies within individual countries • Enables geographers to compare the number of people trying to live on a given peace of land in different regions of the world

  13. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? Physiological Density: • Physiological Density the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land • The higher the physiological density, the greater the pressure on the people to produce enough food • Looks at the relationship between the size of a population & the availability of resources

  14. Key Issue #1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? Agricultural Density • Agricultural Density ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land • helps account for economic differences • MDC’s have a lower agricultural density than LDC’s

  15. Key Issue #2: Where has the World’s Population Increased Crude means we are concerned with society as a whole rather than a refined look at individuals or groups I. Natural Increase: • Geographers most frequently measure population change in a country/world as a whole through three measures: • Crude Birth Rate (CBR) total # of live births in a year for every 1000 people EX: CBR of 20 means 20 babies are born for every 1000 people

  16. Key Issue #2: Where has the World’s Population Increased • Crude Death Rate (CDR) total # of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society • Natural Increase Rate (NIR) the % by which a population grows in a year. It is computed by subtracting CDR from CBR – this excludes migration • About 80 million people are added to the world annually • Doubling Time the number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase

  17. Key Issue #2: Where has the World’s Population Increased II. Fertility: • The CBRs are mostly in sub-Saharan Africa • Total Fertility Rate (TFR) average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years (15-49) • TFR attempt to predict the future behavior of individual women in the world

  18. Key Issue #2: Where has the World’s Population Increased III. Mortality: • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to total live births • The highest rate of IMRs are in sub-Saharan Africa • The lowest rates are in Western Europe • IMR reflect a country’s health-care system • Minorities in the US have IMRs twice as high as the national average comparable to levels in Latin America & Asia

  19. Key Issue #2: Where has the World’s Population Increased • Life Expectancy measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current morality levels • Highest in wealthy countries • People can live into their 70’s in Western Europe compared to their 40’s in sub-Saharan Africa

  20. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? I. The Demographic Transition the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high CBR & CDR & low NIR to a condition of low CBR & CDR & high NIR • The process with several stages and every country is in one of them. There are four stages

  21. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? • Stage 1: Low Growth • During this period people depended on hunting & gathering – when food was easy to find population increased and when food was scarce it declined • Between 8000BC & 1750 AD the earth’s population rose from 5 million to 800 million this was due to agricultural revolution – when humans began to use domesticated plants and animal • Every country has progressed to at least stage 2

  22. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? • Stage 2: High Growth • Most countries entered this stage as a result of the Industrial Revolution • This enabled farmers to increase agricultural production & feed the rapidly growing population • The industrial revolution led to factory jobs, better sanitation, & personal hygiene • Europe & N. America entered stage 2 in 1800 and Africa, Asia, & Latin America 1950’s • Medical Revolution the advances in medical technology in Europe & N. America diffused to LDCs

  23. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? • Stage 3: Moderate Growth • This happens when CBR begins to drop sharply & the CDR also begins to decline • N. America & Europe are in this stage • Economic changes occur, people have less children, & live in cities rather than rural areas

  24. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? • Stage 4: Low Growth • This occurs when the CBR & CDR & the NIR approaches zero • Zero Population Growth (ZPG) • Most European countries are in stage 4 • Women working, using birth-control, more income, etc…have led to less child bearing

  25. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? III. Population Pyramids • Displays age & gender on a bar graph • Shows the percentage of the total population in 5 year age groups • Shape is determined by the CBR

  26. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? • Age Distribution • Dependency ration is the number of people who are too young or too old to work • Larger the number of dependents the greater the financial burden of those working • 0-14 & 65+ are classified as dependent • Countries in stage 2 you see a ratio of 1:1 (1 dependent for every worker) • Countries in stage 4 is 1:2 (1 dependent for every 2 workers)

  27. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? • Age Distribution Cont’ • The larger the number of dependents in stage 2 countries prevents poorer countries to provide services (school, hospitals) • When there is a large population of elderly people it places a burden on governments. EX: US and Social Security, Health Care programs, etc…

  28. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? • Sex Ratio is the number of males per hundred females in the population • Poor countries generally have a lower percentage of women due to mortality during childbirth • Younger children in poor countries are mostly male while older populations are generally higher

  29. Key Issue # 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? IV. Demographic Transition • No country remains in stage 1 • Few have reached stage 4 • Most countries are in stage 2 or 3 • Two Big Breaks in the four stage demographic • Sudden drop in death rates – mostly due to diffusion of medical technology • Sudden drop in birth rates

  30. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? I. Malthus on Overpopulation: • Thomas Malthus (economist) argued that the world’s rate of pop. Increase was far outrunning the development of food supply • Said population increase would press against available resources unless the CBR decreased or disease, famine, war, or other disasters produced higher CDRs

  31. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? • Neo-Malthusians: • The gap between population growth and resources is wider than he anticipated • The population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food production

  32. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? • Malthus’s Critics: • Some think his beliefs are unrealistically pessimistic • They believe the world’s resources are fixed not expanding • Possibilists believe humans can choose a course of action to expand resources • Boserup & Kuznetsbelieve larger populations can stimulate economic growth • Marxists such as Friedrich Engels said there are enough resources but they are just not shared equally

  33. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? II. Declining Birth Rates: • Malthus Theory & Reality • His theory is not supported by conditions during the past half-century • Problems lie on distribution of wealth rather than insufficient global production of food • Population is increasing at a slower rate than theorized

  34. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? • Reasons for Declining Birth Rates • Economic Development • Wealthier communities have more money to spend on education & health care thus promoting lower birth rates • More educated women know their reproductive rights, make more informed reproductive choices, & select more effective contraception • IMRs decline due to better health care

  35. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? • Distribution of Contraception • LDCs are demanding a greater supply of contraceptive devices • Use of contraceptives: ¼ Africa, ¾ Latin America, & 2/3 in Asia • Birth rates are still very high in Africa & SW Asia which reflects the low status of women – little education, # of children reflects a woman’s status & a mans virility • Many oppose birth control due to religion or politics

  36. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? III. World Health Threats: • Epidemiologic Transition is the distinctive causes of death in each stage of demographic transition • Epidemiologic Transition Stages 1 & 2 • Black Plague (Stage 1) • Killed ½ of Europe’s pop (25 million) between 1347-1350 • Killed 13 million in China 1380

  37. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? • Cholera (Stage 2) • Pandemic diseases occur over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population • 500,000 died in 1832 in NYC • Due to poor sanitation & contaminated water supply in poor urban areas

  38. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? • Epidemiologic Transition Stages 3 & 4 • Cardiovascular Disease • Cancer • Decline in infectious diseases such as Polio & Measles

  39. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? • Epidemiologic Transition Possible Stage 5 • Some medical analysts think the world is moving to a stage of reemergence of infectious & parasitic diseases • This will cause higher CDRs

  40. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? • Reasons for Stage 5 • Evolution • Resistance to antibiotics • Diseases evolve – Malaria • Continued epidemics in poverty - TB • Improved travel – Avian flu

  41. Key Issue #4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? • AIDS • Most lethal pandemic in recent years • 95% of those infected & 99% of new cases are in LDCs • 2/3 of the world’s total HIV positive people live in sub-Saharan Africa • Second highest rate of infection is in India

More Related