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Middle East & Islam

Middle East & Islam. Chapter 14 Dr. Maggio. Modernization in the Independent States. Three states managed to shake off western domination at this point Turkey Iran Saudi Arabia. Spread of Western Influence & Power 1. First 40 years of the twentieth century

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Middle East & Islam

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  1. Middle East & Islam Chapter 14 Dr. Maggio

  2. Modernization in the Independent States • Three states managed to shake off western domination at this point • Turkey • Iran • Saudi Arabia

  3. Spread of Western Influence & Power 1 • First 40 years of the twentieth century • Egypt and fertile Crescent under western control before or during WWI (Britain, France) • Remote areas also being eyed as colonies (central Persia, Anatolia, Arabia) • Secret agreements to give straits to Russia; parts of Anatolia to Italy, France • British secret agents contacting tribes in Arabia, Persia

  4. Spread of Western Influence & Power 2 • Drafting treaties that would make Persian and Arab lands British protectorates • Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and Trucial States (UAE) already British protectorates by 1914 • Aden – Indian Government – later colony • Ottomans (w/Germany) surrenders 1918 • No one left to stem the spread of Western (British) influence in the Middle east

  5. But…. • Three states managed to shake off western domination at this point • Turkey • Persia (Iran) • Saudi Arabia

  6. In Anatolia • Turks drove off western invaders • Ended the dysfunctional & defeated Ottoman Empire • Set up Republic of Turkey

  7. In Persia • Soldiers and civilian nationalists in Persia blocked British & Bolshevik (Soviet) attempts to take over Persia • Reorganized the state • Replaced the weak Qajar Shah with a strong ruler, Reza Shah

  8. In Arabia • Muslim reform movement • Combined with a tribal warrior confederation • Unites most of the Arabian peninsula • Ibn Saud – from old ruling family in Najd • Founds Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

  9. Coincidentally • All three states were characterized by a military leader who became a political leader • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (Turkey) • Reza Shah Pahlavi (Iran) • Ibn Saud (Saudi Arabia)

  10. Turkey • Ottomans prostrate after WWI • No money, many dead and wounded • Severe price inflation, deficit spending • Armenian genocide (Christians) • 1 million Armenians dead • Part of Armenia to Turkey, part to Soviet Union • US very pro-Armenian

  11. Conference of Lusanne 1923 • 1923 Turkey declares Republic under Kemal • Soviet Russia aids Turkey • Turks drive out Greeks • Turks freed themselves of all foreign occupation and deals • Republic goes forward

  12. Kemal • European influence good or bad? • Arab influence good or bad? • Soviet Russian influence good or bad? • Pursued Nationalist, Secular, Reformist policies

  13. The hatp. 230 • Role of Kemal in social liberalization • Fez vis. Panama hat • Without brim -- role in prayers • http://www.galenfrysinger.com/gabes_tunisia.htm • European dress, calendar (date changes at sunset, or at midnight?) • Koran read in Turkish, not Arabic • Official state religion deleted 1928

  14. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk • 1881- 1938 • Ottomans held Thessaloniki (Salonica) • Disenchanted with the Ottoman Empire decline • Young Turk revolution that seized power from the Sultan in 1908 • As a general, resisted occupation Allied forces • Nationalist, Secular, Reformist policies • Ataturk Honorary title “Father of the Turks”

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