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4: Addressing

4: Addressing. Working At A Small-to-Medium Business or ISP. Objectives. Plan an IP addressing scheme Subnetting Classful IPv6 classless routing NAT & PAT. Addressing. Every device on a network MUST have an IP address! IPv4 How many bits in an IP address? 32

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4: Addressing

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  1. 4: Addressing Working At A Small-to-Medium Business or ISP

  2. Objectives • Plan an IP addressing scheme • Subnetting • Classful • IPv6 classless routing • NAT & PAT

  3. Addressing • Every device on a network MUST have an IP address! • IPv4 • How many bits in an IP address? • 32 • What’s the maximum amount of bits in an octet? • 256 • Convert 192.168.1.106 • 11000000.10101000.00000001.01101010

  4. Conversion Practice 1 • 11100101 to decimal • 10001110 to decimal • 11111000 to decimal • 11111111 to decimal

  5. Conversion Practice 2 • 192 to binary • 224 to binary • 47 to binary • 115 to binary

  6. IP Address Review- Class A • Range: • Default Subnet Mask: • Which octets are Network & Host? • How many hosts available?

  7. Convert A • 5 to binary • 77 to binary • 100 to binary • 127 to binary • What’s in common with all of them?

  8. IP Address Review- Class B • Range: • Default Subnet Mask: • Which octets are Network & Host? • How many hosts available?

  9. Convert B • 128 to binary • 142 to binary • 191 to binary • What’s in common here?

  10. IP Address Review- Class C • Range: • Default Subnet Mask: • Which octets are Network & Host? • How many hosts available, total & useable?

  11. Convert C • 192 to binary • 200 to binary • 223 to binary • What’s common here?

  12. Subnet Masks • 255.255.255.0 • How many total bits are on? (1’s) • 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 • /24 notation • 255.255.0.0 • How many total bits are on? (1’s) • 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 • /16 notation • 255.255.255.248 • How many total bits are on? (1’s) • 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 • /29 notation

  13. Routers, IP’s & Subnet Masks • Router ONLY knows which NETWORKS it is connected to!!! • Doesn’t care about individual hosts • It ANDs the IP & Subnet Mask • Result= DESTINATION NETWORK

  14. ANDing

  15. Subnet- Split Up the IP • Borrow bits to make new networks • Plan your network • How many networks? • How many hosts per network?

  16. Before we do this… • When we borrow, MUST borrow at least 2 bits or leave at least 2 bits • Class C has 1 octet to borrow from • Class B has 2 octets • Class A has 3 octets • 22= 4 • 23= 8 • 24= 16 • 25= 32 • 26= 64

  17. 199.72.101.0

  18. 199.72.101.0-31 .32-.63 (.33-.62) .64-.95 (.65-.94) .96-.127 (.97-.126) .128-.159 (.129-.158) .160-.191 (.161- .190) .192-.223 (.191-.222) .224-.255 Total Range #3 Useable Range #2 Network ID 199.72.101.64 /27 Broadcast Address 199.72.101.95 /27 199.72.101.0

  19. Assign Addresses

  20. Router…Action! • A packet with a destination IP of 199.72.101.85 255.255.255.224 goes to a router • It ANDs to come up with the NETWORK #

  21. Keep It Private • Inside hosts have private IP • Only devices that connect directly to Internet have a public IP • Consumer ISR/Routers give out private addresses • What’s the Class A private? • B? • C?

  22. Parts of the Network Network Hosts Subnetwork

  23. How to Work Backwards • 221.17.125.46 /28 • What class address? • C: Only deal with the last octet! • 255.255.255.240 • 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 • How many bits borrowed? • 4 • 24= 16 networks • How many bits left over? • 4 • 24= 16 hosts per sub-network

  24. Work Backwards • Based on the IP address & SM, identify… • The network address • The broadcast address • How many bits were borrowed • How many bits were left over • Is the address valid

  25. What’s Wrong? • Are the hosts on the same network or separate?

  26. Questions • What’s the broadcast address for 201.78.90.0 /24? • 201.78.90.255 • Default SM, no subnetting • Sam’s Beef Hut uses network 215.67.106.0 & 255.255.255.240 to create subnets. How many useable hosts can be created per network? • 14

  27. Questions • Which class gives you the most hosts/network? • A • Which class give you the most networks? • C • Public IP addresses must be __________.

  28. Lab • 4.1.5

  29. Classless Subnetting • CIDR • VLSM • You can subnet, for each unequal network • Your address is 210.1.17.64 /26 • Net A needs 37 hosts • Net B needs 15 hosts • Net C needs 100 hosts

  30. CIDR Block for Router • Instead of having multiple subnet entries for each router port, CIDR uses the common bits to make ONE routing table address per port.

  31. Running Out of Addresses • Private Addresses • IPv6 • 32 bits NOW 128 bits long! • 2128 which is 3 PLUS 38 ZEROs!

  32. NAT • Network Address Translation • Allows many users to use private IP addresses inside & translates to a pool of public IP’s for travel outside • Purpose: • Save public IP addresses • So private IP computers could communicate on the Internet

  33. NAT in Action!

  34. What’s the Order of NAT? • Inside Local IP (Private) goes into your router • Translated to an Inside GlobalIPbefore exiting • Sent across Internet to Outside Local • Outside Global sends it back to the Inside Global • Your router translates the Inside Global back to the Inside Local (Private) IP

  35. Activity

  36. Static NAT • Static= stays the same • Same public IP address maps to a private internal one

  37. Static NAT 2

  38. Dynamic NAT • Has a pool of addresses • Translates the private IP to a public & awaits a response • After session is closed, the public IP is returned to the pool of addresses

  39. Summary of NAT • Static NAT • Outside users need to access inside private network • At home, you need to access the mail server • Static private IP is given a static public address • Dynamic NAT • Inside private IP host needs to access the public Internet • Selects from a pool of addresses • Both can be configured at the same time

  40. NAT Review • Static NAT works by mapping a specific inside local private IP address to what other specific address type? • Inside global • Outside local • Outside global • Private IP address

  41. PAT (or NAT Overload) • Port Address Translation • Used when you have very few public IP addresses • Translates multiple IP’s into a single public • Uses port #’s to keep track of conversations • Uses random source port # above 1024

  42. PAT Review • Which statement describes NAT overload or PAT? • Each internal address is dynamically translated to an individual external IP address. • A single internal address is always translated to the same external IP address. • Many internal addresses are translated to a single IP address using different port numbers. • Many internal addresses are statically assigned a single IP address and port.

  43. PAT Review • Which port numbers are used by PAT to create unique global addresses? • 255 and below • 1024 and below • 1025 and above • 64,000 and above

  44. Lab • 4.2.4

  45. Review

  46. 4: Addressing Working At A Small-to-Medium Business or ISP

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