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HSC Science Teacher Professional Development Program Physics

HSC Science Teacher Professional Development Program Physics. 8:30am Space and Gravity Michael Burton 9:45am Physics of Climate Michael Box 15 minute tea break 11:00am The age of silicon: semiconductor materials and devices Richard Newbury 1:00pm Lunch.

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HSC Science Teacher Professional Development Program Physics

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  1. HSC Science TeacherProfessional Development ProgramPhysics • 8:30am Space and Gravity • Michael Burton • 9:45am Physics of Climate • Michael Box • 15 minute tea break • 11:00am The age of silicon: semiconductor materials and devices • Richard Newbury • 1:00pm Lunch

  2. Presentations will appear onwww.phys.unsw.edu.au/hsc

  3. Space and GravitySome ideas for HSC Physics Michael Burton School of Physics University of New South Wales

  4. Gravity and the Planets • Escaping from a Planetary Surface • Acceleration due to Gravity • Escape Velocity • Geostationary Orbit and the Space Elevator • Kepler’s Third Law • The Planets • Jupiter and its Moons • Travelling the Solar System • Slingshot effect • Mission to Mars and the Hohmann Transfer Orbit

  5. What is an Orbit? • Falling at just the right speed so that we travel around the planet rather than toward it. • No energy is required to maintain the orbit once it has been obtained!

  6. “Assumed Knowledge”

  7. Weight and Escape Velocity • mg=GMm/R2 and 1/2mvesc2=GMm/R • Compile for each planet and compare • e.g. how heavy would a bag of sugar be on Earth, Mars, Venus and Jupiter? • how fast must you launch it to escape each planet?

  8. (Geo-)Synchronous Orbit and the Space Elevator • Synchronous Orbit when orbital period = rotational period of the planet • Space Elevator ascends to the synchronous orbit • Lower escape speed • 1/2mvesc2=GMm/(rsync+rplanet)

  9. Question and Exercises • Calculate (geo-)synchronous orbit • Compare between planets • Which might be feasible, which impossible? • How might it be built??? (carbon nanotubes?) • How massive? • How long would it take to ascend? • What gain in reduced escape speed? • How much more mass for the same thrust? • (extra energy available for accelerating the payload)

  10. Kepler’s Laws • Empirical Laws • [Kepler 1: Elliptical orbits, Sun @ a focus] • [Kepler 2: Equal areas equal times]

  11. Kepler’s Third Law Exercise 1: Research r and T for planets and investigate the relation between them [Plot r vs. T then log r vs. log T]

  12. K3L and the Moons of Jupiter • Use a web application, e.g. • jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab/tmp/orbits.html • Record positions of moons every day (use ruler) • Plot on graph paper • Determine orbital period and radius for each moon. • Do they fit K3L? (yes!) • What relationship between their periods? (~1:2:4:8)

  13. Journey to Mars Gravitational Slingshot Hohmann Transfer Orbit

  14. Gravity Assist to the PlanetsCassini mission to Saturn • Venus, Venus, Earth, then Jupiter, on way to Saturn! • Took 6.7 years, with V=2 km/s • Hohmann transfer orbit would have taken 6 years but required a V=15 km/s – impracticable!

  15. How GravityAssist works • Relative to Stationary Observer: • Spacecraft enters at -v, Planet moving at +U • Goes into circular orbit • Moving at U+v relative to surface of planet • Leaves at U+v relative to surface in opposite direction • Thus leaves at 2U+v relative to observer • e.g. Spacecraft moving at 10 km/s encounters Jupiter moving at 13 km/s. Leaves at 36 km/s! • Conservation of energy and momentum applies – planet must slow (very!) slightly • In practice we would need to fire engines to escape from a circular orbit. However, one could enter on a hyperbolic orbit, with a gain in speed of slightly less than 2U.

  16. Discuss! Mars The planet Mars, I scarcely need remind the reader, revolves about the Sun at a mean distance of 230 million km, and the light and heat it receives from the Sun is barely half of that received by this world. It must be, if the nebular hypothesis has any truth, older than our world; and long before this Earth ceased to be molten, life upon its surface must have begun its course. The fact that it is scarcely one seventh the volume of the Earth must have accelerated its cooling to the temperature at which life could begin. It has air and water and all that is necessary for the support of animated existence. H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, 1898

  17. Olympus Mons 600 km across x 24 km high!

  18. The Gorgonum Chaos

  19. Water on MarsPolar Ice Caps

  20. Sedimentary Rock: layers of time

  21. Recent water flow on Mars 24 April, 2005 22 December, 2001

  22. The Hohmann Transfer Orbit • Most Fuel Efficient orbit to the planets • Three Parts: • Circular orbit around Earth • Elliptical orbit, perihelion @ Earth, aphelion @ Mars • Circular orbit around Mars Wolfgang Hohmann, German Engineer, 1925

  23. Energy in an Orbit Applies for elliptical orbit, semi-major axis a: Etotal = –GMm/2a = constant in an orbit

  24. Assumptions MadeHohmann Transfer Orbit • Only considering gravitational influence of the Sun (OK) • Apply thrust without changing mass of spacecraft (Wrong!) • Assume circular orbits for the planets (OK) • Consider only impulsive thrusts (i.e. no slow burns)

  25. Energy Changes • Step 1: Heliocentric orbit around Earth to elliptical orbit with Earth at perihelion and Mars at aphelion • E1= –GMm/R • E2= –GMm/[(R+R’)/2] • Step 2: Elliptical orbit to heliocentric orbit around Mars • E3= –GMm/R’

  26. Time & Launch • Time taken is half the orbital period for the elliptical orbit. • Use K3L! • i.e. T/2 where T2=[(R+R’)/2]3 when measured in Years and Astronomical Units • T=[(1.0+1.5)/2]3/2=1.4 years • Thus it takes 0.7 years • Launch Window • Mars covers [T/2]/Tmars x 360° = 135.9° • Spacecraft covers 180° • Thus, Launch when Earth 180-135.9=44.1° behind Mars Harder Problem: how often do launch windows occur?

  27. Questions to consider? • How do we know this is the cheapest fuel orbit? • Can’t be less (wouldn’t arrive), needn’t be more (overshoot) • How much change in energy is needed? • Relate to amount of fuel? • Best time to launch a few months before Opposition • Why? (44.1°) Why not at Opposition? • How long will the journey to Mars take? • Compare to Journey to Moon (3 days), to Jupiter (2.8 yrs). • How often can we launch (every 2.1 years for Mars)? • Implications for return journey (first window after 1.5yrs) • Implications for human exploration of the Solar System • What do we need humans for, what can a robot do better? • What about lift-off from Earth, landing on Mars?

  28. The End

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