2014 YY 托福阅读题型串讲 1

1. 2014YY托福阅读题型串讲1 孙彤 新浪微博:小马过河孙彤 suntong@xiaoma.com

2. 编辑信息“课程+分数（5,4,3,2,1，最高分5分，最低分1分）”（例如：听力+5）发送至“小马公开课”微信，为老师打分，将有机会获得小马过河送出的精美礼品一份。编辑信息“课程+分数（5,4,3,2,1，最高分5分，最低分1分）”（例如：听力+5）发送至“小马公开课”微信，为老师打分，将有机会获得小马过河送出的精美礼品一份。

3. 事实信息题——细节题 否定事实信息题——排除题 细节类题目

4. 1.读题 2.定位 3.转移 4.转化 细节类题目的一般解题步骤

5. 例题：According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions? ○To establish a positive connection between the members of the society ○To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply ○To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies ○To increase the society’s prosperity

6.  Paragraph 1: In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

7. 例题：According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult? ○There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort. ○The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted. ○The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust. ○The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.

8. Paragraph5: Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

9. 例题：According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond? ○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system. ○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced. ○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next. ○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s properties.

10. Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.

11. 例题：Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks ○ a realistic sense of human body proportion ○ a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes ○ the originality of European art ○ the capacity to show the human body in motion

12. In fact, a lack of understanding the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary?

13. 例题：According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americansmigrated westward EXCEPT the desire to move from one place to the next the hope of improving their socioeconomic status the opportunity to change jobs the need to escape religious or political crises

14. Paragraph 2: Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives. A.the desire to move from one place to the next;B.the hope of improving their socioeconomic status;C.the opportunity to change jobs;D.the need to escape religious or political crises

15. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. D选项：the need to escape religious or political crises

16. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were aninveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. the desire to move from one place to the next the hope of improving their socioeconomic status the opportunity to change jobs

17. 例题：According to paragraph 6, each of the following methods has been used in attempts to control SpaninaEXCEPT flooding plants cutting plants down repeatedly applying herbicides introducing predatory insects

18. Paragraph 6: Efforts to control Spartina outside its natural environment have included burning, flooding, shading plants with black canvas or plastic, smothering the plants with dredged materials or clay, applying herbicide, and mowing repeatedly. Little success has been reported in New Zealand and England; Washington State’s management program has tried many of these methods and is presently using the herbicide glyphosphate to control its spread. Work has begun to determine the feasibility of using insects as biological controls, but effective biological controls are considered years away. Even with a massive effort, it is doubtful that complete eradication of Spartina from nonnative habitats is possible, for it has become an integral part of these shorelines and estuaries during the last 100 to 200 years. 1.flooding plants；2.cutting plants down repeatedly；3.applying herbicides；4.introducing predatory insects

19. 例题：According to paragraph 6, each of the following methods has been used in attempts to control Spanina EXCEPT flooding plants cutting plants down repeatedly applying herbicides introducing predatory insects

20. Efforts to control Spartina outside its natural environment have included burning, flooding, shading plants with black canvas or plastic, smothering the plants with dredged materials or clay, applying herbicide, and mowing repeatedly Work has begun to determine the feasibility of using insects as biological controls, but effective biological controls are considered years away.

21. 3.转移 有代词或表承接上文的连接词 注意句间联系 细节类题目的一般解题步骤

22. 例题：According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that ○Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen ○the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting ○the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls ○Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting

23. Paragraph 3: Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chipsin the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared.

24. 例题：According to paragraph 2, why are Egyptian statues portrayed frontality? ○ To create a psychological effect of distance and isolation ○ To allow them to fulfill their important role in ceremonies of Egyptian life ○ To provide a contrast to statues with a decorative function ○ To suggest the rigid, unchanging Egyptian philosophical attitudes

25. Paragraph 2: The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up.Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead.

28. 编辑信息“课程+分数（5,4,3,2,1，最高分5分，最低分1分）”（例如：听力+5）发送至“小马公开课”微信，为老师打分，将有机会获得小马过河送出的精美礼品一份。编辑信息“课程+分数（5,4,3,2,1，最高分5分，最低分1分）”（例如：听力+5）发送至“小马公开课”微信，为老师打分，将有机会获得小马过河送出的精美礼品一份。