Power projection & tech revolution

1. Sea Power & Maritime Affairs Lesson 4 Power projection & tech revolution 1815-1860

2. Admin • Anything you want to include • Quizzes • Assignments • Etc

3. Last Class Navy in the Napoleonic Era, 1873-1815 • Re-establishment of Navy & USMC • 1st Barbary War • Anglo-French “Napoleonic” Wars • War of 1812

4. Today Post War of 1812 (1815-1860) • Commercial & geographic expansion • Navy’s role in expansion • Mexican-American War • Revolution in Navy technology • Steam propulsion, gunnery, artillery • Navy reorganization & modernization

5. 8 Key Themes • Navy as an instrument of foreign policy • Interaction between Congress and Navy • Interservicerelations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy & Tactics • Evolution of US Naval Doctrine • Future missions of Navy and USMC

6. Commercial Expansion Navy’s Role • Protect citizens and commercial interests Areas of commercial expansion & protection • Caribbean • Trade 2nd only to British • Central and South America • Accessory Transit Company • Cornelius Vanderbilt • Panamanian Isthmus • American “Filibusters” (William Walker, Nicaragua) • Pacific & Far East • Spice trade • Whaling

7. New Commercial Treaties Many diplomatic treaties, with similar objectives: • Safe Haven for shipwrecked • Trade Rights • Coaling Stations Examples • Treaty with Thailand - (1833) • Treaty with Sultan of Muscat (Oman) - (1833) • Treaty of Wangxia (China) - (1844) • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty - (1850) • US and GB had competing rights and interests in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Columbia • Treaty with GB over Panama Canal • Freedom of movement

8. Perry Opens Trade with Japan Matthew C. Perry COMMO, USN • 1853-1854 • Bay of Edo (Tokyo) • First time a foreign navy had been in this sacred Bay of Edo. • First time Japanese had ever seen a steam ship. • Letter from the President to the Emperor. • Leaves letter with high ranking official and leaves. • Returns 10 months later • Perry carried on “Sedan Chair” • Brings gifts • Including a model steam train that travels 20 mph.

9. Matthew C. Perry in Japan

10. Perry Opens Trade with Japan Treaty of Kanagawa • Safe-haven for shipwrecked • Coaling station • Permanent American Consul • No trade relationship, American Consul is able to negotiate open trade within two years.

11. Geographic Expansion “Manifest Destiny” • Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Napoleon needed money to fund war in Europe • Sold for $15,000,000 (roughly 3 cents per acre) • Transcontinental Treaty (1819) with Spain • Acquired Florida • Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) • 49th Parallel • Boarder of Canada • Oregon now US territory

12. Geographic Expansion • North-Western Territory • Continual dispute with Great Britain and later Russia • Texas Annexation (1845) • Mexican-American War (1846) • California, Nuevo Mexico (Arizona and New Mexico), and Rio Grande as boarder

13. Expansion of International Influence Monroe Doctrine (1823) • European countries meddling in western hemispheric politics. • Tsar of Russia claimed Alaska to CA • Central and South American Colonial Revolutions • Power vacuum with Spain overthrown • Germany looking for overseas colonies • Doctrine Stated: • Americas off-limits to further European colonization • Move in response to independence movements in Americas US asserting its strength in the Americas.

14. Expansion of International Influence Tyler Doctrine (1842) • Treaty of Friendship with Hawaii (1826) • “Any colonization of Hawaii would be a violation of US national interests”

15. Science & Technology Sail to Steam Wood to Iron Solid Shot to Shell Better Cannon

16. Exploration • Age of Charles Darwin • Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831) • The Origin of Species (1859) • American Naval Contribution • Charting the World • Charting the Oceans • Supporting Government-sponsored Exploration

17. US Navy Charting the World Wilkes Expedition (1838-1842) • LT Charles Wilkes • 4-year Navy expedition around the world • Discovered Antarctica (1839) • South Pacific Islands and Pacific Rim • 85,000 miles sailed • 280 islands charted • 1,500 miles of Antarctica mapped • His collections became basis for Smithsonian

18. Wilkes Expedition (1838-1842)

19. US Navy Charting the World • Arctic Exploration • Numerous • Amazon River Expedition • 1851 • CDR William Lewis Herndon • Peru to Brazil • Northwest Exploring Expedition • 1853-1856 • Seattle to China

20. US Navy Charting the Oceans • Matthew F. Maury: • “Pathfinder of the Seas” • Studied ocean currents • Cut 4-days of voyage from NY to San Francisco

21. CAPT Matthew C. Perry Major Players CAPT Robert Stockton Father of the US Steam Navy Organized 1st corps of Naval Engineers

22. ADM John Dahlgren Major Players John Ericcson Father of Modern Naval Ordnance

23. Age of Steam Robert Fulton • Demologos • War of 1812 • Blockade Runner • Design • Paddle wheel • 5-ft walls • Never saw action • Destroyed in fire • No more until 1830s

24. Sail to Steam Why so slow to implement? • Expensive • Inefficient • Bad for sailing & cruising • Overseas coaling stations • Less broadside • Dangerous in battle • Steaming dirty • Refueling dirty and time consuming • Sailors & officers did not like it Standing Order: Ships required to use sail power except in battle.

25. Cruise of the Susquehanna

26. Why did steam prevail over sail? Screw Propulsion • Ericsson & Stockton • 1st Screw Propulsion in 1842 • USS Princeton Why was it revolutionary? • Faster • Mechanics under water • Unlikely to be damaged • More cannon

27. Guns • No major change since 1600’s Major changes (1840’s) • Stronger guns • Cracks • “Peacemaker” • Dahlgren Gun • Armstrong Gun • Rifling • Pivot Gun (turret)

28. “Peace-maker” Disaster (1843)

29. Gun Turret • USS Monitor

30. Solid Shot to Shell Shot v. Shell : What is the difference? • Slow to adopt • Crimean War (1850’s) • Russians defeat Turkish fleet using shell • Shell exploded, igniting ships What is the solution to exploding shell?

31. Wood to Iron La Gloire (France, 1859) Why the need? • Protection from shells • Crimean War • 1st experiments with all-iron ships • French • British • Everyone else • 4.25-inch standard • Monitor v. Merrimack HMS Warrior (Britain, 1860)

32. Ironclad Video

33. Reform Administrative Education

34. Administrative Reform Navy Board of Commissioners (1815) • (3) most-senior officers • John Rodgers, Stephen Decatur, Isaac Hull • At time, highly political & borderline dysfunctional Navy Bureaus (1842) – SECNAV Abel Upsher • Navy Yards and Docks • Ordnance and Hydrography • Construction, Equipment, and Repair • Medicine and Surgery • Provisions and Clothing (Supply) • 3 Bureaus added during the Civil War • Otherwise intact to WWII

35. Administrative Reform • New Code of Naval Regulations (1850) • End Flogging • Retired Lists • First Formal Promotions Boards

36. Educational Reform Midshipman System • Est. 1837 • 2/C and 3/C Midshipmen ($5/month and $6/month) USS Somers Mutiny (1842) • CAPT Mackenzie v. MIDN Spencer • Spencer was hung for mutiny • Son of Secretary of War • Gives impetus to formal school

37. US Naval Academy • 1845 • George Bancroft

38. Wars & Conflicts 2nd Barbary War Pirates of the Caribbean Mexican-American War

39. 2nd Barbary War • Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli • William Bainbridge (Boston) v. Stephen Decatur (NY) • Decatur arrives at Gibralter • Defeats Mashouba (flagship) and Estudio (22) • Sails to Algerian capital • End to tribute • Free captured merchantmen • Indemnity for captured ships • Accomplishes same in Tunis and Tripoli

40. 2nd Barbary War

41. 2nd Barbary War • Bainbridge arrives and retraces Decatur’s path • Shows America will maintain a presence in Mediterranean • Algiers rebukes treaty the next year • Anglo-Dutch naval force defeats them and ends tribute system entirely • Establishment of Mediterranean Squadron (1815)

42. Pirates • Gulf Coast Pirates • Operated out of US Territory (Louisiana, Texas) • Jean Lafitte • Pirates of the Caribbean • Central and Southern American Revolutions • Venezuelan Letters of Marque - “privateering”

43. Pirates of the Caribbean

44. Pirates of the Caribbean • Oliver Hazard Perry sent to defeat pirates • Dies of Yellow Fever West India Squadron Established • James Biddle (1st COMMO) • Also falls ill with Yellow Fever • David Porter (2nd COMMO) - Good sailor, poor diplomat • Mosquito Squadron - smaller ships • Fight pirates in conjunction with British Navy • Recaptured 79 vessels in 18 months • Fajardo Incident (Puerto Rico) • Court-martialed, resigns, becomes Commander of Mexican Navy

45. Overseas Expansion What is the message? US & navy’s influence is expanding.

46. Mexican-American War 1846-1848

47. Manifest Destiny • Republic of Texas (1836) • Alamo • GEN Santa Ana’s forces defeated in Battle of San Jacinto • Texas wants annexed • Monterrey Incident (1842) • COMMO Thomas ap Catesby Jones • Diplomatic embarrassment • Texas Annexation (1845) • MGEN Zachary Taylor sent to defend Texas • COMMO David Conner (Home Squadron) transports Taylor’s troops and stays in Gulf

48. Mexico Declares War • Mexico declares “Defensive War” • April 1846 • Sends Army into Texas and ambushes Taylor’s Army • Congress Declares War • May 13, 1846

49. Mexican-American War • First war in which US is more powerful than adversary • Mexicans have weaker army • Mexicans have weaker navy • Sell their only two ships • US has unfettered control of the seas What can the Navy do? Blockade, troop supply & movement. What navy does this sound like? British Navy

50. Strategies United States Mexico • Blockade • Push in from Texas • Take Mexico City • Amphibious assault • Conquer California **Manifest Destiny** • Quick attack and defeat of American army • Hold territories • Destroy American will to fight Who do we sound like? Great Britain