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Chapter 38

Chapter 38. A World without Borders. The End of the Cold War. President Ronald Reagan (in office 1981-1989) deeply opposes USSR Declares the Soviet Union the “evil empire” Promotes massive military spending, beyond the capacity of the Soviet economy to keep up

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Chapter 38

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  1. Chapter 38 A World without Borders

  2. The End of the Cold War • President Ronald Reagan (in office 1981-1989) deeply opposes USSR • Declares the Soviet Union the “evil empire” • Promotes massive military spending, beyond the capacity of the Soviet economy to keep up • With stagnating economy, Soviet Premier Mikhail S. Gorbachev (1931- ) is forced to implement reforms, which ultimately bring down the USSR

  3. Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe • Polish trade union Solidarity movement opposes Polish Communist Party rule, forces multiparty elections in 1989 • Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania follow • “Velvet Revolution”: Czechoslovakia • Other Bloodless Revolutions: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia (“The Singing Revolutions”), and East Germany • East Germany decides to open the Berlin Wall • East and West Germany reunite (1990)

  4. The Collapse of the Soviet Union and European Communist Regimes, 1991

  5. Soviet Setbacks in Afghanistan • Pressures on Soviet system exacerbated by 1979 invasion of Afghanistan • Nine-year battle against Afghan mujahideen (Islamic warriors) • CIA supplies them with ground-to-air Stinger missiles • USSR forced to start pulling out in 1986: economic stagnation and intractable military resistance • UN-negotiated cease-fire leads to full withdrawal in 1989

  6. Collapse of the Soviet Union • Reforms under Gorbachev • Economic and social • Perestroika: “restructuring” – some market reforms • Glasnost: “openness” – greater freedom of speech; no persecution of religion • Nationalist sentiments, long suppressed, come to the surface • Several non-Russian republics secede as of August 1991: Ukraine, Baltic countries, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenian, Uzbekistan, etc. • Attempted hardliner takeover in Moscow fails; Soviet Union collapses by end of the year

  7. Economic Globalization • Reduction and removal of barriers between national borders to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services, and labor • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947), 23 member nations • World Trade Organization (WTO) takes over from GATT in 1995 • Global corporations expand, treat globe as single market: i.e., constantly moving to cheapest labor • Decentralize as necessary to take maximum advantage of regional markets, labor pools, taxation policies

  8. Economic Growth in Asia Japan benefits from U.S. aid in rebuilding its economy after China goes communist in 1949; treaty limitations on defense spending Massive postwar economic expansion, slowed in 1990s (known as Japan’s “Lost Decade”—slumps continued in the 2000s) Four Asian Tigers: Economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan – industrialized and became highly developed between the 1960s and 1990s “Little Tigers” or “Tiger Cubs”: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand – newly industrialized Interrelated economies fragile; 1997 Asian financial crisis devalues “Little Tiger” economies, but they recover fairly quickly

  9. BRIC Economies • BRIC Economies: Brazil, Russia, India, and China • Pro-Capitalist Policies: After the Cold War, the governments overseeing these “developing” economies put into place pro-capitalist policies that encouraged rapid economic growth (or in the case of Russia, a “robber baron” economy). These policies include education reforms, encouraging domestic entrepreneurship, foreign investment, and developing domestic consumption. • Manufacturing/Raw Materials: India and China project as leading producers of manufactured goods, while Russia and Brazil leading producers of raw goods. • Rising China: By the late 1970s, Deng Xiaoping began to open China’s economy to foreign trade and investment, and begins to integrate elements of market economy. • Cheap Labor: It’s economy benefits from huge and cheap labor pool, although its growing middle class is now driving up wages and cost of living. • Huge Economy, but Considerable Poverty: As of 2013, China is the second largest economy in the world, but there is still considerable poverty, especially in rural areas.

  10. Trading Blocs • European Union • Six nations when formed in 1957: Belgium, France, West German, Italy, Luxembourg & Netherlands • Maastricht Treaty of 1993: Moving toward political integration • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) • Established in 1960 with five countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. • Dominated by Arab and Muslim countries • Used economic might to place embargo on U.S. oil, 1973-1975 • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

  11. European Union Membership, 2004

  12. Consumption and Cultural Interaction • “Americanization” or “McDonaldization” • American culture exported • Yet cultural borrowings from non-American societies: from K-Pop to telenovelas • Internal transformations: Latino culture takes on a distinct American flavor in the U.S. • English language becomes globally predominant • Influence of British colonialism, America, the Internet

  13. Population (in Millions) for Major Areas of the World, 1900-2050

  14. Climate Change • Population • Club of Rome: This think tank of former heads of state and high-ranking diplomats and officials delivered a 1972 report, The Limits to Growth, which painted a gloomy portrait of future overpopulation and dwindling natural resources. • Human mortality rate declines steadily; several regions work on birth control measures (China’s One-Child Policy introduced in 1978; • Global warming • Greenhouse gases shown to be increasing global temperature within a large degree of scientific certainty. • Kyoto Protocol in 1997: 83 signatory countries, but U.S. has refused to sign.

  15. Economic Inequities • Regional poverty a persistent problem • Unequal distribution of resources • Impact of colonialism • Slavery abolished in Saudi Arabia and Angola in 1960s; forced and bonded labor remains in place in developing world • International Labor Organization of the UN: 250 million children, ages 5-14, work, especially in southeast Asia • Global trafficking of slaves, mostly for prostitution

  16. Global Diseases Disease has always played an important role in the development of human communities In 1978, UN called for end to all infectious diseases by 2000; unrealistic goal Ancient diseases tuberculosis and malaria on rise New diseases: Ebola fever and HIV/AIDS Threat throughout the world, but has struck the developing world the hardest – sub-Saharan Africa

  17. Global Terrorism • Terrorism: deliberate, systematic use of violence against civilians • Cheaper, more effective than conventional war, thus accessible to smaller groups • September 11, 2001: four planes hijacked by terrorists • Two crash into World Trade Center buildings (NYC), one into the Pentagon, one crashed into field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania (passengers thwarted terrorists, intended target was probably the White House or Capitol) • Masterminded by Islamic extremist Osama bin Laden (1957-2011 ), leader of al-Qaeda (“the Base”)

  18. War in Afghanistan and Iraq President George W. Bush (1946- ) invades Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda training bases Overthrows Taliban government in Afghanistan, but does not eliminate Taliban Invasion of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein, who was thought to have “weapons of mass-destruction” (WMDs).

  19. The United Nations • Superseded the League of Nations (1920-1946) • Charter: to maintain international peace and security • Peace-keeping forces relatively weak militarily, but influential in larger public health projects: World Health Org. (WHO) • Eradication of smallpox • Currently 16 peace-keeping missions: Darfur, Haiti, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cyprus, Lebanon, etc. • Supporters of universal human rights

  20. The United Nations

  21. Global Feminism Economic and Legal Rights: Displaced from jobs by returning soldiers after World War II, women in industrialized nations agitate for equal economic opportunities and legal rights. Demand Control Over Bodies: Access to birth control and abortion, achieved in 1960s and 1970s; birth control pill is introduced in 1960 and become widely available in the developed world. Family Planning: China introduces its “one-child” policy in 1977 and India experiments with sterilization in the 1970s. Arab and Muslim lands: Continued gaps in male and female literacy.

  22. Global Feminism: Women’s Suffrage after World War II • 1961: Paraguay, Rwanda • 1962: Algeria, Uganda, Australia extends right to aborigines • 1963: Congo, Iran, Kenya • 1964: Bahamas, Libya, Sudan • 1971: Switzerland • 1974: Jordan • 1975: Angola, Mozambique • 1978: Nigeria • 2005: Kuwait, Qatar • 2015: Saudi Arabia • 1945: France, Italy, Japan, Senegal • 1947: Argentina, Singapore, Pakistan (literate women only) • 1949: People’s Republic of China, Chile, Syria • 1950: India, Barbados, Haiti • 1952: Ivory Coast, Greece, Lebanon • 1956: Egypt, Mali • 1959: Tunisia • 1960: Cyprus, Gambia

  23. Global Feminism • Increasing number of female national leaders • Indira Gandhi – India, prime minister, 1966-1977; 1980-1984 • Golda Meir – Israel, prime minister, 1969-1974 • Margaret Thatcher – UK, prime minister, 1979-1990 • Vigdís Finnbogadóttir – Iceland, president, 1980-1986 • Corazon Aquino – Philippines, president, 1986-1992 • Benazir Bhutto – Pakistan, 1988-1990; 1993-1996 • Mary Robinson – Ireland, president, 1990-1997 • Violeta Chamorro – Nicaragua, president, 1990-1997 • Mary McAleese – Ireland, president, 1997-2007 • Megawati Sukarnoputri – Indonesia, president, 2000-2004 • Tarja Halonen – Finland, president, 2000-2012 • Pratibha Patil – India, president, 2007-2012 • Ellen Sirleaf Johnson – Liberia, president, 2006- • Park Geun-hye – South Korea, president, 2013-

  24. Migration Patterns Rural areas depopulating to urban regions Global creation of slums: Mexico City, Karachi, Mumbai, Cape Town, Nairobi, Rio de Janeiro, etc. Immigration for economic reasons Refugees fleeing war, poverty Tourism increasingly common in twenty-first century Are cities the future?

  25. Migration Patterns Top 20 Major Urban Population Centers, 2013 1) Tokyo, Japan: 34,700,000 incl. Yokohama, Kawasaki, Saitama 2) Guangzhou (Canton) China: 26,400,000 incl. Northern Pearl River Delta incl. Dongguan, Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhongshan 3) Jakarta, Indonesia: 26,000,000 incl. Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Tangerang Selatan 4) Shanghai, China: 26,000,000 incl. Suzhou 5) Seoul, South Korea: 25,600,000 incl. Bucheon, Goyang, Incheon, Seongnam, Suweon 6) Delhi, India: 23,700,000, incl. Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon 7) Ciudad de México (Mexico City), Mexico: 23,600,000incl. Nezahualcóyotl, Ecatepec, Naucalpan 8) Karachi, Pakistan: 22,300,000 9) Manila, Philippines: 21,900,000 incl. Kalookan, Quezon City 10) New York, New York, U.S.A.: 21,600,000, incl. Bridgeport, Newark, New Haven 11) São Paulo, Brazil: 21,400,000 incl. Guarulhos 12) Mumbai (Bombay), India: 21,200,000incl. Bhiwandi, Kalyan, Thane, Ulhasnagar, Vasai-Virar 13) Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.: 17,100,000 incl. Anaheim, Riverside 14) Beijing, China: 16,900,000 15) Ōsaka, Japan: 16,800,000 incl. Kobe, Kyoto 16) Moscow, Russia: 16,300,000 17) Cairo, Egypt: 16,000,000 incl. Al-Jizah, Hulwan, Shubra al-Khaymah 17) Dhaka, Bangladesh: 16,000,000 19) Kolkata (Calcutta), India: 15,900,000 incl. Haora 20) Buenos Aires, Argentina: 14,500,000incl. San Justo, La Plata

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