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UNIT 1 NOTES: THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN CITIES AND INDUSTRY

UNIT 1 NOTES: THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN CITIES AND INDUSTRY. Chapter 13. The Expansion of American Industry (1850–1900). America: Pathways to the Present. Chapter 13: The Expansion of American Industry (1850–1900). Section 1: A Technological Revolution.

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UNIT 1 NOTES: THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN CITIES AND INDUSTRY

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  1. UNIT 1 NOTES: THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN CITIES AND INDUSTRY

  2. Chapter 13 The Expansion of American Industry (1850–1900)

  3. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 13: The Expansion of American Industry (1850–1900) Section 1: A Technological Revolution Section 2: The Growth of Big Business Section 3: Industrialization and Workers Section 4: The Great Strikes

  4. Presidents of the United States # 1 - 16 • George Washington; Federalist (1788) • John Adams; Federalist (1796) • Thomas Jefferson (1800) • James Madison (1808) • James Monroe (1816) • John Quincy Adams (1824) • Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) • Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) • William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) • John Tyler; Whig (1841) • James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) • Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) • Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) • Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) • James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) • Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) • #21 - … • Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) • Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) • Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) • James Garfield; Republican (1880) • Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881) • Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884) • Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888) • Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892) • William McKinley • Theodore Roosevelt

  5. OBJECTIVES • CORE OBJECTIVE: Explain the changes in late 1800’s urban life relating to Immigration, Industrialization, and Politics in the Gilded Age. • Objective 1.3: How did industrialization impact the growing work force between 1880 and 1900? • THEME:

  6. Shifts in Population and Employment, 1860-1900

  7. Scientific Management • Frederick Taylor developed “time and motion” studies about worker movements • The goal was to eliminate wasted human energy & down time • He published his ideas and methods in the Principles of Scientific Management in 1911 • which every move of a worker was planned to increase productivity • increased worker productivity and changed the relationship between the worker and the product created • Factory workers performed one small part of production repeatedly and often never saw the finished product.

  8. Factory Work • In many industries, workers received a fixed amount for each finished piece — a few cents for a garment or a number of cigars. • This type of work is called piecework. • Payment for every item created • This division of laborinto separate tasks was more efficient but took the pride and joy out of work. • Factory workers performed one small part of production repeatedly and often never saw the finished product.

  9. Working Families • In the 1880s, children made up more than 5 percent of the industrial labor force. • Children often left school at the age of 12 or 13 to work. • Girls sometimes took factory jobs so that their brothers could stay in school. • If an adult became too ill to work, children as young as 6 or 7 had to work. • The theory of Social Darwinism held that poverty resulted from personal weakness. Many thought that offering relief to the unemployed would encourage idleness.

  10. CHAPTER 13 SECTION 4 THE GREAT STRIKES

  11. SECTION 4 - The Great Strikes • What impact did industrialization have on the gulf between rich and poor? • What were the goals of the early labor unions in the United States? • What were the causes and outcomes of the major strikes in the late 1800s?

  12. The Gulf Between the Rich and the Poor • In 1890, the richest 9 percent of Americans had nearly 75 percent of the national wealth. • The average worker earned only a few hundred dollars a year. • Many workers resented the extravagant lifestyles of many factory owners. • Some workers became politically active. A few were drawn to the idea of socialism • an economic and political philosophy that favors public instead of private control of property and income. • Socialists believe that society at large, not just private individuals, should control a nation’s wealth. That wealth, they say, should be distributed equally to everyone.

  13. What is a Labor union? • an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests • Began to form after the Civil War • Most were small and local through the 1860’s • Slowly workers began to communicate and organize on a national level • First national labor union is the National trades union in 1837 • The first successful national labor union is the NLU in 1866

  14. THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR • The strongest labor organization in the 1880s was the Knight of Labor • Founded in Philadelphia in 1869 • Led by Terence Powderly • Emerged as a national federation of unions in 1879 • 8 hour workday, end child labor • Wanted to achieve these goals through collective bargaining with employers • Workers negotiate as a group with employers • Powderly discouraged strikes because he felt a losing one could destroy an assembly but did use them successfully until the mid 1880’s

  15. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Led by Samuel Gompers • Was a craft union of skilled workers • Divided unions by type of work • Excluded women and minorities • Used strikes Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • Known as “The Wobblies” • Organized unskilled workers • Had radical socialist leaders • Many violent strikes. The Rise of Labor Unions

  16. Reaction of Employers Many employers disliked and feared unions. Some took steps to stop unions, such as: • forbidding union meetings • firing union organizers • forcing new employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts, making them promise never to join a union or participate in a strike • refusing to bargain collectively when strikes did occur • refusing to recognize unions as their workers’ legitimate representatives

  17. Railroad Workers Organize • The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 • Railway workers protested unfair wage cuts and unsafe working conditions. • The strike was violent and unorganized. • President Hayes sent federal troops to put down the strikes. • From then on, employers relied on federal and state troops to repress labor unrest.

  18. The Haymarket Riot Haymarket, 1886 • A violent protest riot breaks out in Chicago’s Haymarket Square • On May 1, groups of workers mounted a national demonstration for an eight-hour workday. • On May 3, police broke up a fight between strikers and scabs. • A scab is a negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers. • A group of anarchists, radicals who oppose all government, joined the strikers. • At the event, someone threw a bomb that killed a police officer. • The riot that followed killed dozens on both sides. • Investigators never found the bomb thrower, yet eight anarchists were tried for conspiracy to commit murder. Four were hanged.

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