U.S . History Unit 1 Notes

1. U.S. History Unit 1 Notes Early Colonization and Development of the United States.

2. Who inhabited it first? • Outside of Native American’s there had been little to no exploration of the United States. • Spain and France had dominated the early exploration, but Great Britain came on strong with developments in Naval technology. • With superiority in Naval Technology the British will gain a stronghold in the United States. • The French inhabited the first colony in Quebec . The French primarily used the colony for Fur trading. The colony was settled along the St. Lawrence River which gave it access to trade.

3. Vocabulary • Native Americans - The people that were naturally found in the United States. They intended to help the colonist, but had conflict because of westward settlement.

4. 1st English Colonies

5. SSUSH1: The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, and relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery

6. England Plans for Colonies • Queen Elizabeth died King James became King • James made peace with Spain enabled England to set up colonies • Formed joint-stock companies to fund colonies (Virginia Company) • investors – people who put money into project to earn money • shares of stock – pieces of ownership in a the company • Charter – written contract giving certain rights to a person or group

7. Jamestown • Jamestown is the first successful English colony. • April 1607 - 150 colonist settled in Jamestown • It was created by a joint stock company called the Virginia Company -This was a joint-stock company which meant it was owned by investors. • Early reasons for the colony were to make money for both settlers and Virginia Company. • Jamestown faced many problems at the beginning. • Not used to hard work. • Wanted to search for gold, not farm. • Swampy location caused diseases

8. Jamestown • Starving Time-period of famine and starvation. in Jamestown (lack of hard work and new environment_ • Winter 1607 – Only 38 colonist remained • John Smith took control of the colony • Made rule requiring people to work for food • Persuaded the Powhatan Indians to give them food • Smith was forced to return to England after burning himself

9. Jamestown • Spring 1609 - 600 more colonist arrive • Only 60 survived the winter • 1610 – Surviving colonist decided to leave - Met new colonist on the James River - Persuaded to return • New leaders flogged or hung colonist who neglected work • Colony continued to grow due to Virginia Company’s support • Began growing tobacco

10. Vocabulary • Joint Stock Company - This was a group of investors sponsoring the establishment of a new colony. Their goal is to only make money. • Virginia Company - joint Stock Company responsible for establishing Jamestown. • Jamestown -This was the first successful English colony in the United States

11. English and Native American Relations • The English came from a very extensive governing society. • The Native Americans had a tribal confederation (loose alliance) that was led by a Chief. • Chief Powhatan - leader of the Native Americans during the English settlement. • At first conflict is going to break out, but the English have better weapon technology and force the Natives into a peace treaty. • English didn’t want to live with the Native Americans they defeated • Leaders began demanding tributes and of corn and labor from local Indians • Burned Powhaton villages and kidnapped hostages (Pocahontas) • The British settlers improve relations, and without the Natives they would not have survived the first winter. • The British still looked down on the Natives, and saw them as unequal. • In 1608, Captain John Smith took control of the colonies. John Smith had been saved by Pocahontas, and Powhatan used this to show he wanted peace with the colonists. • By 1610 the colony was in bad shape until Lord De La Warr arrived and alleviated the suffering.

12. English and Native American Relations • 1614 – Pocahontasmarried John Rolfe (Temporary peace) • 1622 – Powahaten Indians killed over 340 colonists - Nearly bankrupted the Virginia • 1624 – King James revoked the Virginia Company’s Charter and turned Virginia into a royal colony - Sent more troops and settler to strengthen colony • 1625 - the original 8,000 was down to 1,200.

13. Government and Structure in Jamestown • In order to come the colony you must be able to do one of two things: • Pay your own way over. • Work off what you owe when you get here. • Indentured Servants- people would could not afford the trip over, but were able to work it off once they got here. • Great Britain adopted a concept called Salutary Neglect due to the distance between England & colonies • Salutary Neglect- This meant the colonists could govern themselves outside of a few restrictions.

14. Government and Structure in Jamestown • House of Burgesses - .The first official legislature was known as the • The legislature was directly elected by the people. • Only white male property owners were allowed to vote, and mainly wealthy white males were elected. • This helped lay a foundation for representative government ideas.

15. Bacon’s Rebellion • 1stmajor challenge to English authority • Due to tensions with Native Americans, farmers who lived on the Western side of the colony face harsh relations with the Natives. • There was no buffer zone between the two groups. • The farmers asked for protection from the Royal Governor, but received none. • Gov. of Virginia William Berkley and an few planter friends (House of Burgesses) controlled Virginia • Poor settlers felt oppressed • Money collected for taxes wasn’t being used to built forts • Colonist seized land for tobacco (caused clashes with Indians) • Government refused finance a war to help the poor colonists

16. Bacon’s Rebellion • Nathaniel Bacon organized colonist to fight Indians • Berkley declared him a rebel • Bacon led his army to Jamestown to confront the leaders • The rebels burned Jamestown • Nathanial Bacon died one month later • Bacons supporters were killed by the governor • House of Burgesses passed laws to prevent governor from assuming such power again • 1st step against tyranny and toward self government

17. Tobacco Saves the Colony • John Rolfe – Colonist who crossed Brazil tobacco with harsh strain grown in Virginia(High Quality) - Demand for tobacco in England made it profitable (Brown Gold).

18. Tobacco Saves the Colony • Tobacco created a demand for field labor - Headright System – Gave anyone who paid for their or another’s passage 50 acres of land (Increased immigration) - Indentured Servants – People who agreed to a limited term of servitude in exchange for passage to North America • 1610 – 1st African American slaves arrived • Treated them like indentured servants • Not popular in the beginning due to cost (Cost twice much as indentured servants did) • Late 1600s – Began importing slaves in large numbers • Indentured servant population dropped • Colonist were wealthier

19. Slavery in the Colonies • Slavery is a system in which people are owned like property. • Slavery was a slow concept that started in the colonies. It was not needed due to the number of indentured servants. • With the decrease of indentured servants that was a major need for cheap/free labor. • The English saw Africa as its major source for slaves. - 1619 - the first African is seen in the Jamestown colony. • Many Africans did not come over as slaves, but as indentured servants. Some Africans even owned their own land, and eventually slaves of their own. • With the mass production of crops like tobacco slaves became very important, and helped establish the plantation system. • The plantation system is based on large scale farms that mass produce for one reason: to make a profit.

20. King James I Removes Charter • 1624 - King James I removed the charter in Jamestown - House of Burgesses still met just not as an official governing body. • 1639 - Colonial governor re-established the House of Burgesses.

21. The Basics of a Representative Government • In this style of government, the people must elect the officials that are going to represent them. • During this time period rich white males were the primary officials elected. • The House of Burgesses is much like our House of Representatives and Senate today. We elect Reps. and Senators to represent us in Government

22. Vocabulary • Powhatan - Native American Chief that helped the colonist in Jamestown, and was the father of Pocahontas. • Indentured Servants - These were people that could not afford the trip over to the colonies, but could work off their debt once they got there. • House of Burgesses - The first legislative body in the colonies. It consisted of one house. Representative Government - A government established in which the people elect others to represent them in government. • Bacon’s Rebellion - A rebellion against Jamestown in which the colony was almost burned to the ground. It was caused when the colonial governor would not protect colonists from the Native Americans • Tobacco - This was the crop responsible for saving Jamestown. It is also known as Brown Gold

23. EOCT REVIEW • SSUSH1: The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century. • Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, and relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery • What was the Virginia Company? • How did Virginia develop into a colony? • What was the significance of tobacco cultivation? How did it effect such settlements like Jamestown? • Who was Powhatan? Why was he important? • What was the House of Burgesses? What was its significance? • What was Bacon’s Rebellion? Why was it significant? What changes did it cause? • How did slavery develop in the New World? What events led to slavery being introduced into the colonies?

24. The New England Colony

25. Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter.

26. New England Colony Development • With religious tensions growing in England, many groups were seeking a way out to escape religious persecution. • In 1620 some 102 individuals, including about fifty Pilgrims seeking religious freedom, set sail from England to America. • Some of the Pilgrims were Separatists, and wanted to start their own church outside of the Anglican church. • This group originally intended to land in Virginia, but due to a storm ended up in Plymouth near Cape Cod Bay.

27. The Pilgrims • Separatists– religious group that broke from the Church of England • Sought freedom form persecution (bad treatment) • 1620 – Mayflower landed at Plymouth • storm blew them off course • Landed outside the limits of the Virginia Company’s Charter • Since the Pilgrims landed outside of the governing body of Virginia, they felt they could establish their own government and rule for themselves.

28. The Pilgrims • Mayflower Compact – people agreed to obey laws that were for the good of the colony • Forty-one men signed the Mayflower Compact. • This document pledged loyalty to King James I of England. • Elected legislature that was put in place for the people, by the people. They wanted to be ruled by a local government, not England. • also elected the first two governors, John Carver and William Bradford. • Squanto - helped colonist plant corn, beans, and pumpkins in the tribal lands - Served as an interpreter to local Indians and helped maintain peace • 1621 – Celebrated 1st Thanksgiving

29. Town Meetings • Colonist held Town Meetings to make decisions in the Plymouth colony • All citizens could come and voice their opinions. • This was a form of representative government.

30. Unrest in England leads to growth of colonies population • 1620 - King Charles insisted that everyone worship the same as him • Puritans - group that wanted to rid the church of “Popish” traditions such as the use statues, painting, and instrumental music. • Didn’t like celebrations such as Christmas and church weddings • Thought playing games sports and games on Sunday was sinful • King said that church and state were one (people who questioned church’s authority would question the king’s too )

31. Unrest in England leads to growth of colonies population • The Great Migration – period when many puritans came to America • Most move to England’s colonies in the West Indies • 1629 – Massachusetts Bay Company received charter (recruited Puritans to move to America)

32. Unrest in England leads to growth of colonies population • John Winthrop – led great migration to New England (became 1st governor of colony) • Saw this as an opportunity to create a new “puritan society”. • 1630 – New England’s white population nearly doubled

33. Massachusetts Bay Colony (Established 1630) • John Winthrop served as governor • Commonwealth - people worked for the good of the whole • People believed they had an agreement with God to build a holy society “City upon a hill” • Brought their families with them

34. Government in Massachusetts Colony • Originally in order to participate in government you had to be a “freedman”, white, and own land. • Because of religious value’s this changed. You now had to be a member of the church in order to participate in government. • When the number of officials in government became to large they developed a two house legislature that was much like Parliament in Great Britain. This body would make legislative decisions. • In 1684 the colony lost its charter because it broke the Navigation Acts set up by England.

35. Colonial New England Towns • Congregation was the basic unit (people who belonged to the same church) • Each Puritan congregation set up its' own town • Towns built around an open field • Farmers lived in the towns and went out each day to work in fields • Meeting house was most important building in town (handled politics and church there) • - When town grew too big for meeting house, congregation divided and started a new town

36. New England Way • Everyone was required to attend church • People who made noise were punished • Puritans believed in godliness, hard work and honesty • Thought dancing and playing games would lead laziness and sin • Bible was the source of truth so everyone should be able to read it. • Required everyone to learn how to read • Drunkenness, swearing, theft, and idleness were illegal

37. Massachusetts Bay Colony (Royal) • The crown in England had stated that under the Navigation Acts the colonies had to obey strict practices within the Triangular Trade. • Many Puritan colonists had gone against this which caused the crown to revoke their charter. • King Charles I took over the colony and forced it to become a Royal colony ( Dominion of England). Due to this a new legislature was established where election was not based on religious beliefs.

38. Vocabulary • Mayflower Compact - A governing document used by the Pilgrims that stated loyalty to the King, but set up self rule. • Puritans - Group of people that established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They had very strict religious views. • Massachusetts Bay - Colony established by the Puritans that absorbed the Plymouth Colony. It would later lose its charter because it violated the Navigation Acts. • Parliament - This is a two house legislature with one house elected and the other appointed. The king of England used this to help him make decisions.

39. Challenges to the Puritans • Puritans didn't believe in religious tolerance • Because of the strict restrictions the Puritan church placed on people, many began to rebel. • Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson both left the Massachusetts colony because they disagreed with the teachings in the Puritan Church. Both play a key role in the development of Rhode Island. • Roger Williams - said that the government should have no power over religious matters -Fled Massachusetts and founded the colony of Rhode Island • Connecticut

40. Challenges to the Puritans • Ann Hutchinson - banished from the colony for saying that each person could find divine guidance without the help of the ministry • Moved to Rhode Island and then to New Netherlands • Killed by Indians in a war between the Native Americans and the Dutch

41. Challenges to the Puritans • Thomas Hooker also disagreed with the Puritan Church, and left Mass. in 1636 to found

42. Connecticut/Rhode Island • Thomas Hooker led a small congregation to Connecticut, where the land seemed far more suitable for farming than in Mass. • Established the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - stated the government’s power came only from the “free consent of the people” and set limits on what the government could do. • Principals from this document would also find their way into the U.S. Constitution. • They established the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut to govern the new colony. • Roger Williams was banished from Mass. in the 1630’s because of different religious views. • Anne Hutchinson was also banished because she believed all people could find true divine religion, and could teach it to others. • Williams and Hutchinson helped develop the Rhode Island colony.

43. Quakers face Persecution (Quakers were a Puritan Group) • Said that neither ministers or the bible were needed (each person could know God directly through an "inner light" • Were treated harshly in Massachusetts (whipped, thrown in jail, parts of ears cut off and bored their tongues with hot irons) • 1691 - King forced a new charter on Massachusetts (governor chosen by the King rather than elected)

44. Vocabulary • Religious Dissent - This is when people disagree and break away from religion or the church. • Roger Williams - He was responsible for establishing Rhode Island because he disagreed with church and state both being combined. • Rhode Island Settlement - Settlement that broke away from Massachusetts because of disagreements with the church. It was established by Roger Williams. • Anne Hutchinson - Was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and felt that people could interpret the Bible and find religion on their own. This person later left to go to Rhode Island. • Thomas Hooker - He established the colony of Connecticut, and based the government on the fact that government only gets its power through the consent of the people. • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - Governing document that stated government can only derive its power through the consent of the people

45. Half-Way Covenant • This was an agreement created by the Puritan church. • Half-Way Covenant - granted half membership to children and grandchildren of members, regardless of any conversion experience. • This person became a member only if they were baptized, and they did not receive certain privileges (i.e. voting).

46. Effect of Half-Way Covenant • Many religious officials hoped this would draw in the younger groups in the colony. • They feared the younger groups would enjoy outside influences and continue secular ways. • Some strict Puritans saw the Half-Way Covenant as a sinful compromise, and as a disgrace to the church. • By using this covenant the colony would create one of the darkest episodes in American History.

47. Salem Witch Trials • 1692 – Several young girls made false accusations of witchcraft - Led to trials and hysteria • Many accusers were poor who brought charges against rich • Several victims were women considered too independent • Hundreds of people were accused of witchcraft or dealing with the devil • Colonial authorities begin a “witch hunt”, and condemn many of these people to death. • Nineteen people were hanged after being charged with witch craft during the Salem Witch Trials • Showed that a society can create scapegoats for its problems

48. Disputes over Land • Native Americans believed that no one owned the land • Viewed treaties land treaties where they received gifts as agreement to share the land for a limited time • Colonist saw the agreement as a one –time deal where they bought the land

49. King Phillip’s War • 1675 – Wampanoag chief Metacom organized his tribe in an alliance with several others in order to wipe out the colonist • Attacked and burned outlying settlements in New England • Native American were forced to surrender and flee after a year of fighting • Worn down by diseases, casualties, and lack of food • King Philip would be cornered in a cave in Rhode Island, and would be shot through the heart. -Puritans exhibited Metacom’s head at Plymouth for twenty years

50. Result of King Philip’s War • King Philip killed almost 2000 colonists. • English destroyed the power of the New England Indians • The major result of the war is that the colonist gained a stronghold on the whole New England area. • This is setting up the scene for a major conflict in the future. (French and Indian War)