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Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems. Persistent Organic Pollutants. Fate of PoPs Mechanisms of Environmental Control Characteristics Main groups Issues. pcwww.liv.ac.uk/aquabiol/BIOL415_Web/. Tri-Butyl Tin. Nucella Imposex. Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chlorine

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Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems

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  1. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems

  2. Persistent Organic Pollutants • Fate of PoPs • Mechanisms of Environmental Control • Characteristics • Main groups • Issues

  3. pcwww.liv.ac.uk/aquabiol/BIOL415_Web/

  4. Tri-Butyl Tin • Nucella • Imposex

  5. HalogenatedAromatic Hydrocarbons Chlorine Bromine Fluorine

  6. Types of PoP • Pesticides • Industrial Chemicals • By-Products

  7. Associated Issues • Bioaccumulation – Biomagnification • Loss of higher predators • Adverse impacts on marine food chains • Fish eating – Gt Lakes of North America, Baltic & North Sea • Birth defects, reduced aptitude in new born babies • Endocrine Disruption

  8. Stockholm Convention UNEP decided to convene an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to prepare an legally binding instrument on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The INC completed work on the instrument, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, in December 2000.

  9. Stockholm convention The Convention entered into force on 17 May 2004.  The first meeting of the Conference of the Parties took place from 2-6May 2005 in Punta del Este, Uruguay

  10. PoPs in Swedish Breast Milk

  11. Toxicity of PoPs • Related to structure • Related to ‘most toxic substance’ • 2,3,7,8 tetrachloro dibenzo dioxin • Toxicity Equivalent - TEQ • Relative Factor of 1 for 2,3,7,8 TCDD

  12. Dioxins/Furans • 75 individual chlorinated dioxins • 135 individual chlorinated furans • Very stable & bind to soils and sediment

  13. DDT • Old problem – Peregrine Falcons etc • Residues remain • DDE – oxidative environments • DDD – reducing environments • Mersey estuary and Irish Sea

  14. PCBs – Major Problems • Baltic Sea & North Sea • Gt Lakes of North America • Hudson River • Local “difficulties” : • Mersey Estuary & Liverpool Bay

  15. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls • 209 Compounds - ca 100 in env

  16. PCB • Congener 209 – Deca-choro biphenyl

  17. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls • 209 Compounds - ca 100 in env • Highly inert • Introduced 1930s • Discovered in environment 1966 by Jensen in Sweden during analysis for DDT • 750,000 tonnes manufactured

  18. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls • Banned by USEPA in new uses in 1979 • Manufacture completely banned in 1984

  19. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls • Technical Mixtures • Arochlor 1242 • Arochlor 1254 • Arochlor 1262

  20. PCBs

  21. Brominated Fire Retardents • Poly brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) • 209 Congeners

  22. Brominated FRs • Among the many BFRs used in the world the main commercial BFRs are the following: • TBBPA: Tetrabromobisphenol -A • HBCD: Hexabromocyclododecane • PBB: Polybrominated biphenyls - Phased out in Europe

  23. PBDEs • Deca-BDE (Decabromodiphenyl ether) • Octa-BDE (Octabromodiphenyl ether) - Phased out in Europe • Penta-BDE (Pentabromodiphenyl ether) - Phased out in Europe

  24. Flame Retardents • Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

  25. Other Brominated materials: • Brominated polymers such as brominated epoxy, brominated polystyrene, brominated polycarbonate, poly (brominated acrylate), and brominated polyols.

  26. Mersey Estuary • High levels of BDEs especially : DecaBromoDiphenylEther 209 • On-going research

  27. PoPs: Impacts of tissue residues Endocrine Disruption

  28. Intersex Flounder Intersex Mersey Male Flounder Gonad

  29. Endocrine Disruption • Molluscs –– TBT - IMPOSEX

  30. Nucella

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