Sketetal System

1. Sketetal System

2. Vertebral Column • Cervical Vertebrae: skeletal framework of the neck, 7 vertebrae • Thoracic Vertebrae: next 12 vertebrae; located in the posterior portion of the chest (thoracic region) • Lumbar Vertebrae: next 5 vertebrae; supports the small of the back

3. Sternum • Medial part of the anterior chest wall • 3 parts • Manubrium: upper handle • Body: middle blade part • Xiphoid Process: blunt cartilaginous lower tip

4. Ribs • Connect to the sternum by the costal cartilages • 12 pairs of ribs • First 7 pairs joins the costal cartilage (true ribs) • Last 5 do not attach directly to the sternum (false ribs)

5. Upper Extremity • Clavicle and Scapula: pectoral girdle • Humerus: upper arm bone • Radius and Ulna: lower arm • Carpals: 8 bones, wrist • Metacarpals: 5 bones; framework of the hand • Phalanges: (phalynx) fingers

6. Lower Extremity • Pelvic Girdle: stable circular base that supports the truck and attaches the lower extremities • Ilium: largest and uppermostof the bones • Ischium: strongest and lowermost bone • Pubis: most anterior

7. Femurs • Thigh bones • Longest, heaviest bones in the body

8. Patella • Kneecap • When knee is extended the patella may be seen through the skin, but when the knee is flexed the patella sinks into the intercondylar notch of the femur

9. Tibia and Fibula • Tibia is the larger and stronger ; more medially and superfically located of the 2 bones • Fibula is smaller and more laterally and deeply placed

10. Foot • Very similar to the structure of the hand • Few differences adapted for supporting weight • Bones form springy lengthwise and crosswise arches to give a structurally sound base • Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges (Phalynx) {distal, medial and proximal}

11. Types of Fractures • Pathological or Spontaneous Fracture: usually caused by an underlying medical condition (bone cancer, osteoporosis, etc) bone is so weak it fractures with little or no stress or trauma • Stress Fracture: hidden or occult fractures, typical of repetitive trauma such as ballet or marathon runners, generally not seen on a typical Xray • Displaced or Open Fracture: compound fracture; broken bone protrudes through the skin and tissue; high rate of infection

12. Types of Fractures • Nondisplaced or Closed fracture: simple fracture; does not break the skin, no immediate threat of infection • Impacted Fracture: broken bone is driven into the marrow of the other bone segment • Complete Fracture: break across the entire section of bone • Incomplete fracture: only a partial break, bone fragments are still partially attached

13. Types of Fractures • Depressed Fracture: skull bone is pushed down into the cranial cavity • Greenstick Fracture: incomplete fracture in a long bone in which the bone is bent on one side but broken only on the outer arc of the bend; common in children • Transverse Fracture: the break is at a right angle to the bones long axis • Oblique Fracture: slanted or diagonal to the long axis • Linear Fracture: break is parallel to the bones long axis