Warm Up

1. Warm Up • Define artisan: • Mesopotamia is located between what rivers? • Rights of women in Mesopotamia: • Explain why the kings of early empire claim to rule from the gods: • First written language in history: Importance and Impact: • Explain Mummification and its religious purpose:

2. I. Early China • A. Geography and Resources • Natural resources included timber, stone, metals, millet and rice • China is divided in two zones the plateau and steppe which are suitable for settled agriculture • Isolation due to mountains, hills, and desert = protects from invasion • Xia Dynasty is considered to be the beginning of Chinese civilization

3. B. Shang Period • Pigs and chickens were domesticated and silk textiles were the staple skill in China • In 2000 BC bronze metallurgy arose in China (weapons, tools, skilled craft) • Chinese people developed a society based on land ownership and focused on religion • Purpose of oracle bones: Used oracle bones to ask questions of the gods • Wrote questions on bones, inserted a hot piece of metal into the bone until it cracked, and then read the cracks to get an answer • Written mostly on turtle shells

6. Shang rulers maintained rule by claiming divinity • Supreme god of the Shang was Di and rulers claimed they were the link between heaven and earth and could rule with total control • Shang society was an aristocracy based on land ownership and the elite fought with bronze weapons and rode chariots

9. C. The Zhou Period, 1045-221 BC • Zhou territory was a territory of the Shang empire • Founders of Zhou: Zhou and Wen led a resistance movement against the Shang and attacked the Shang capital • Zhou introduced the concept of the “Mandate of Heaven” • Concept of Mandate of Heaven: gods gave “permission” to rule China • Idea that gods would support a just ruler, but would not allow anyone corrupt to hold power • The Shang were overthrown because they had lost the favor of the gods

10. Zhou

11. C. Zhou Period • Constructed new capital city and was a grid pattern following the idea of “fengshui” to maintain harmony: • Historically, fengshui was widely used to orient buildings—often spiritually significant structures such as tombs, but also dwellings and other structures—in an auspicious manner. Depending on the particular style of fengshui being used, an auspicious site could be determined by reference to local features such as bodies of water, stars, or a compass. • Technologies of the Zhou: • Zhou learned how to fight on horseback, replaced bronze tools and weapons with iron and steel • Society now has a new class called the bureaucrats (educated elite government) who recorded data, administered government, and offered advice to rulers

12. Maximizing of FengShui?

13. Confucius

14. Confucius

15. Confucius

16. D. Confucianism, Daoism, and Chinese Society • Confucianism and Daoism have roots in Zhou period • Confucianism: • Concerned about human behavior • People should treat one another with love and respect • Confucius believed that the disappearance of this love and respect was responsible for the violence in society • Focuses on improving society • Restoring a respect for tradition would make society stable once again

17. Honor one’s ancestors • A ruler must set a good example and lead by virtue • A ruler should be advised by qualified, well-informed people • Select advisors based on merit rather than birth

19. Lao Tzu

20. Lao Tzu

21. Lao Tzu

22. Daoism: • “The Way” • Also concerned with proper behavior • Encourages people to retreat from the laws of society and yield to the laws of nature • Promotes harmony with nature • By finding one’s place in nature, it is possible for a person to achieve harmony with the universe • Women are subordinate to men

23. II. Nubia, 3100 BC-350 CE • A. Early Cultures and Egyptian Dominance • Located on the Nile between the Med Sea and tropical Africa • Natural resources: gold, semiprecious stones, and copper • Continually traded with Egypt and for a short time was controlled by Egypt • Kingdom of Kush developed around 1750 BC • During the New Kingdom Kush was invaded by Egyptians and exploited Nubian laborers

27. B. Kingdom of Meroe, 800 BC-350 CE • Nubian people had their capital in Napata in 660 CE • Nubian people moved their capital to Meroe better located for trade and agriculture • Kingdom of Meroe dominated trade in the southern part of Modern day Egypt • Culture in Egypt begins to decline as the Kingdom of Meroe rises however the culture of Egypt still effects Meroe • Decline of Meroe: because of a shift in trade routes and the rise of kingdoms in Africa

28. III. First Civilizations of the Americas • A. Mesoamerican Olmec • Olmec – first, appeared around 1200 BC • Farmed along the Gulf of Mexico, disappeared around 300 AD • Olmec played an imp role in developing writing and astronomy in the Americas

32. B. Early South American Civilization: Chavin • Great military strength and religion helped Chavin to become dominant in South America • First in Americas to start maintaining roads, create bridge systems, and large irrigation and drainage projects • Set the stage for the Incan empire • The labor system set up by the Chavin was also used by the Incan empire • Fall was due to increased warfare with other tribes • Fall of Chavin was around 200 BC