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2. Chapter 20: The New Frontier and the Great Society Objective: To understand the achievements and challenges of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations

3. Time covered in this chapter: 1960-1967 John F. Kennedy (D): 1960-1963 Lyndon B. Johnson (D): 1963-1969

4. Section 1: Kennedy and the Cold War

5. The Presidential Election of 1960 Context of the election of 1960: • The economy was in recession • The USSR had launched Sputnik 1, making American anxious about falling behind in technology • A communist, Soviet-friendly government had been established in Cuba •  Americans were questioning whether the United States was losing the Cold War

6. Presidential Election of 1960 The Candidates: • The Democratic candidate was Massachusetts senator John F. Kennedy while the Republican candidate was Vice President Richard M. Nixon. • Both candidates had similar positions on policy issues, but 2 factors helped put Kennedy over the top: television and the civil rights issue

7. The Televised Debate Affects Votes • Kennedy seemed to be the underdog: He was inexperienced (young), plus many Americans were worried about the fact that he was Catholic • Would be influenced by the Pope and/or would create closer ties between Church and State • Kennedy and Nixon agreed to appear in a televised debate; the first between presidential candidates • Kennedy looked and spoke better than Nixon • “That night, image replaced the printed word as the national language of politics” –Russell Baker, journalist

8. What effect does television have on American politics? -think how it affected the Nixon-Kennedy debate

9. Kennedy and the Civil Rights Issue • October 1960: Police in Atlanta, Georgia arrested Martin Luther King Jr., and 33 other demonstrators for sitting at a segregated lunch counter. King was sentenced to months of hard labor- officially for a minor traffic violation. President Eisenhower refused to intervene; Nixon took no public position • John F. Kennedy reached out to King’s wife while his brother, Robert, persuaded the judge to release King on bail • This captured the immediate attention of African-Americans, whose votes helped Kennedy win key states in the Midwest and South

10. The Camelot Years • Election of November 1960: Kennedy won by fewer than 119,000 votes. • The Camelot years: a new era for the White House, one of grace, elegance, and wit. • The press loved the Kennedy’s charm and wit, and helped to bolster JFK’s image • The Kennedy family fascinated the public, celebrity status • Kennedy surrounded himself with a team of advisers one journalist called “the best and the brightest” • “ask not what your country can do for you- ask what you can do for your country” –John F. Kennedy

11. The Camelot Years

12. A New Military Policy • Kennedy focused on the Cold War • He thought the Eisenhower administration had not done about the Soviet threat: Soviets were gaining loyalties in third-world countries of Asia, America, and Africa • Kennedy did not think brinkmanship was the way to go • So his administration developed a policy of flexible response: having options for responses to conflicts other than nuclear attack • increase defense spending to boost conventional military forces, for non-nuclear attacks • Create the Special Forces: elite branch of the army • Tripled the U.S’s nuclear capabilities  The U.S. could fight limited wars around the world and still maintain balance of nuclear power with the Soviet Union; reduce the risk of nuclear war

13. What was the belief behind the flexible response policy? -what’s good about having options other than just nuclear response?

14. Crisis over Cuba • Fidel Castro had taken over Cuba • Castro openly declared himself a communist • Castro welcomed aid from the Soviet Union • After Castro seized three American oil refineries and expropriated land for the peasants, the U.S. congress erected trade barriers against Cuba • President Eisenhower had cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba for those reasons

15. The Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 1961) • In March 1960 President Eisenhower gave permission to the CIA to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba • The plan was that once the exiles invaded, the people of Cuba would join them in an uprising against Fidel Castro • Kennedy learned of this plan nine days after his election, he approved it.

16. Bay of Pigs Invasion • On April 17, 1961: 1,300 to 1,500 Cuban exiles, supported by U.S. military, landed on Cuba’s southern coast at Bahia de Cochinos, or Bay of Pigs. Nothing went as planned.

17. Bay of Pigs Invasion • An air strike had failed to knock out the Cuban air force • A group that had been sent to distract Castro’s forces never reached shore • When the main commando unit of American-trained exiles landed, 25,000 Cuban troops backed by Soviet tanks and jets were already waiting for them • Kennedy paid $53 million in food and medical supplies for the release of the prisoners • Americans “look like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies, and incompetent to the rest.” • It was a highly embarrassing fiasco for Kennedy

18. What were the consequences of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion for the U.S.? -how did the U.S. “pay” for this failure?

19. The Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) • Castro had a powerful ally in Moscow (Soviet Union): Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms • President Kennedy responded with a warning that America would not tolerate offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba • Photographs taken by American planes revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba • These nukes could reach American cities in minutes

20. The Cuban Missile Crisis • On October 22, 1962: President Kennedy informed the nation of the existence of Soviet nuclear missile sites in Cuba • He made it clear that any missile attack from Cuba would trigger an all-out attack on the Soviet Union • After this announcement, Soviet ships, thought to contain more missiles, headed to Cuba • The U.S. responded with a quarantine of Cuba (keep ships from entering Cuba) •  the world faced the possibility of nuclear war

21. The Cuban Missile Crisis • The first break in the crisis occurred when the Soviet ships stopped before reaching the American quarantine line to avoid a confrontation at sea • “We are eyeball to eyeball, and the other fellow just blinked.” – Dean Rusk, Secretary of State • A few days later, Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba. The U.S. also secretly agreed to remove missiles from Turkey. The leaders agreed on all these points, and the crisis ended.

22. Who “saved the day” during the Cuban missile crisis? -who did the most to avoid nuclear war? -who made the moves that would lead to war?

23. Crisis over Berlin (summer 1961) • Berlin was a city divided, one side under Soviet rule, the other part of U.S.-backed West Germany. • Many East Germans escaped communist rule through the border between East and West Berlin. These refugees told the public the reality (failure) of communist rule, and their departure weakened East Germany’s economy

24. Crisis over Berlin • Khrushchev wanted to stop this problem of people leaving East Germany. He threatened to sign a treaty with East Germany to close all the access roads to West Berlin • Kennedy refused to give up U.S. access to West Berlin • Khrushchev decided to put up a wall. East German troops erected the Berlin Wall: a concrete wall topped with barbed wire that separated East Germany from West Germany. • the wall did reduce the number of people that left East Germany • The wall became an ugly symbol of a human race divided and of Communist oppression

26. Why did Khrushchev erect the Berlin Wall? -what was he trying to stop?

27. Searching for Ways to Ease Tensions • Both Kennedy and Khrushchev were aware of the gravity of split second decisions that separated Cold War peace from nuclear disaster • In 1963, Kennedy announced that the U.S. and Soviet Union had established a hot line between the White House and the Kremlin; to communicate at once should another crisis arise • The United States and Soviet Union also agreed to a Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963): banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere