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Section 2: States of Matter

Chapter 9: Heat and States of Matter. Section 2: States of Matter. States of Matter. 2. Four States of Matter. SOLID STATE. The particles of a solid are packed closely together and are constantly vibrating in place. .

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Section 2: States of Matter

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  1. Chapter 9: Heat and States of Matter Section 2: States of Matter

  2. States of Matter 2 Four States of Matter SOLID STATE • The particles of a solid are packed closely together and are constantly vibrating in place. • The attractions between particles are strong and solids have a fixed volume and shape.

  3. States of Matter 2 LIQUID STATE • The attractive forces are strong enough to cause particles to cling together. • Liquids have a definite volume, but not a definite shape.

  4. States of Matter 2 GAS STATE • In a gas the forces between particles are so weak that the particles no longer cling together. • Gases do not have a definite shape or volume.

  5. States of Matter 2 Plasma State • The most common state of matter in the universe is the plasma state. • PLASMA is matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles and does not have a definite shape or volume.

  6. States of Matter 2 Changing States Melting • The temperature at which a solid begins to melt is its melting point. • The amount of energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point is known as the heat of fusion.

  7. States of Matter 2 Freezing • The heat of fusionis also the energy released when a liquid freezes. • The attractive forces are strong enough that the particles form an ordered arrangement.

  8. States of Matter 2 Vaporization • Vaporization occurs as liquid changes into a gas. • Vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid is called evaporation. • Evaporation causes the temperature of the liquid to decrease. • Can you explain this?

  9. States of Matter 2 Boiling • The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pressure acting on its surface. • The heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required for 1 kg of the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas.

  10. States of Matter 2 CONDENSATION • The HEAT OF VAPORIZATIONis also the amount of energy released during condensation. • This graph shows the temperature change of water as thermal energy is added.

  11. States of Matter 2 CONDENSATION • The average kinetic energy of the water molecules doesn’t change. • The temperature remains constant during melting. What about during evaporation?

  12. States of Matter • After the liquid water has changed completely into a gas, the temperature of the gas increases as energy is added. 2 CONDENSATION

  13. States of Matter Thermal Expansion 2 THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF MATTER • The increased separation between the particles results in the expansion of the object and the size of the object increases. • When a material cools, the particles in the material move more slowly and become closer together.

  14. States of Matter 2 THERMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS • The forces between the particles in liquids are weaker than the forces between the particles in a solid. • The same temperature increase usually causes liquids to expand much more than solids.

  15. States of Matter 2 THERMAL EXPANSION OF GASES • In a gas, the forces between particles are much weaker than they are in liquids. • Gases expand even more than liquids for the same increase in temperature.

  16. Section Check 2 Question 1 _________ is a state of matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles that exists where the temperature is extremely high. A. Gas B. Liquid C. Plasma D. Solid

  17. Section Check 2 Answer The answer is C. Plasma is found in the Sun, stars, lightning bolts and neon lights.

  18. Section Check 2 Question 2 Most __________ materials have a specific type of geometric arrangement. A. gaseous B. inert C. liquid D. solid

  19. Section Check 2 Answer The answer is D. The particles in most solids align themselves in ordered geometric patterns.

  20. Section Check 2 Question 3 The amount of energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point is known as the _______. A. heat of energy B. heat of fusion C. heat of melting D. heat of vaporization

  21. Section Check 2 Answer The correct answer is B. Heat of fusion causes an ice cube to become liquid water.

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