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The Renaissance

The Renaissance. Chapter 22b. Recovery in Western Europe: State Building. Political Consolidation and Centralization Europe develops new taxes Italian states: bonds France: salt tax, sales tax England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax. France. Louis XI (1461-83)

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The Renaissance

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  1. The Renaissance Chapter 22b

  2. Recovery in Western Europe: State Building • Political Consolidation and Centralization • Europe develops new taxes • Italian states: bonds • France: salt tax, sales tax • England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax

  3. France • Louis XI (1461-83) • “The Spider” – preferred to trap enemies in diplomatic webs rather than fight them • Standing Army (about 15,000 men) • Duke of Burgundy • Charles VIII (1483-98) • War to reclaim Italy • Spain also claims Italy

  4. Spain • Fernando of Aragon marries Isabel of Castile, 1469 • Heir to be called King of “Spain” • Major political and economic alliance • reconquista, the Spanish Inquisition • Funded Columbus’ quest for China

  5. Spanish Inquisition • Reconquista – 11 year “Crusade” (1481-92) • Jews expelled 1492 • Moors of Granada expelled 1502

  6. England • War of the Roses (1454-85) • House of Lancaster vs. House of Tudor • Henry VII (1485-1509) • No foreign wars • Encourages trade • Restores sources of royal revenue • Eliminates all pretenders to the thrown • Henry VII (1509-47)

  7. The Humanists • Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy • Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to Christianity • Francesco Petrarca or Petrarch (1304-74) • Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) publishes critical Greek-Latin edition of New Testament • Also devoted to rediscovering classical Latin texts, often ignored in monastic libraries

  8. Humanist Moral Thought • Rejection of monastic lifestyle in favor of morally virtuous life while engaged in the world • Marriage, business • Reconciliation of Christianity with rapidly changing European society and economy

  9. The Renaissance, 14th-16th centuries • “rebirth” of classical culture • Architecture: domed cathedrals • Imitation of Roman domes

  10. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)Cupola, Santa Maria del Fiore

  11. Renaissance Art • Italian artists use perspective Sistine Chapel ceiling – hand of God and Adam

  12. Sculpture • Donatello (1368-1466) • David

  13. Masaccio (1401-28?) Founder of renaissance painting Painting

  14. Michelangelo(1475-1564) • David

  15. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) • Work with real human anatomy and musculature • Study of proportions

  16. Skull 1489

  17. Last Supper

  18. Renaissance Europe and the Larger World • Artists express interest in Byzantine, Asian worlds • Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) tries to reconcile Plato, Aristotle, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism • Illustrative failure • Gave voice to desire to understand the world

  19. Pico della MirandolaOration • Thou, constrained by no limits, in accordance with thine own free will, in whose hands We have place thee, shalt ordain for thyself the limits of thy nature… We have made thee neither of heaven nor of earth, neither mortal nor immortal, so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as though the maker and molder of thyself, thou mayest fashion thyself in whatever shape thou shalt prefer.

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