Integrating Digestion Knowledge on Formulating diets for Dairy Cows: INRA (1989) and NRC (2001) Feeding System

1. Integrating Digestion Knowledge on Formulating diets for Dairy Cows: INRA (1989) and NRC (2001) Feeding System Challenges and Suggestions to implement in Pakistan Muhammad Naveed ul Haque, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Animal Nutrition UVAS

2. Objective of presentation Not formulating diets that can maximize the production of milk Formulating the diets that can efficiently produce good amount of milk and its components

3. Objective of presentation • To understand how our dairy animal use the ration for synthesizing milk and its components • How the feed formulation systems (French or US) use this information to asses the quality of diets (the key principles of diet formulation) or some one said “the fine tuning” • Some key issues that must be considered before using the chosen system • An on field protocol for evaluating your formula

4. 1- Protein Utilisation in Dairy Cows Other losses 4% faeces 39% Milk yield = 20 kg/d urine 34% CP intake 3 kg/d CP in milk 23% Maxin et al., 2007

5. 1- Feed Formulator’s Objective Other losses 4% faeces 39% Milk yield = 20 kg/d urine 34% CP intake 3 kg/d CP in milk 23% Maxin et al., 2007

6. 1-Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows Intestine Rumen N in faeces 1-Microbial 2-Undegraded Muscle Crude protein intake N intake × 6.25 Mammary gland Milk protein

7. 1- Rumen Degradable Protein Fermentable Energy Microbial Protein

8. 1- Rumen Degradable Protein Fermentable Energy Microbial Protein

9. 1- Rumen Degradable Protein Fermentable Energy Microbial Protein synthesis Limited by protein

10. 1- Amino Acid Digestion & Mammary Metabolism Intestine Rumen N in faeces Microbial Undegraded AA N Loss AA Urine Muscle Crude protein intake Milk protein

11. 1- Amino Acid Profile in the small intestine Other EAA Lysine Methionine Ideal AA Profile Milk protein yield, g/d 950 900 850 800 750 Met Lys EAA

12. Conclusion 1 • Cow requires intestinally digestible protein not crude protein. • Balanced Protein and Energy required by microbes • Essential Amino Acid are important.

13. 1-Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows: INRA (2010) Protein truly digestible in the small intestine PDI = PDIE or PDIN Intestine Rumen N in faeces 1-Microbial 2-Undegraded PDI × Muscle Crude protein intake N intake × 6.25 Mammary gland Milk protein

14. R u m e n Undegraded dietary protein Microbial protein Endogenous protein PDIM(N) PDIM(E) PDIA PDIN PDIE 2-Feed protein evaluation in PDI System INRA Protein (CP) Energy undegraded degraded fermented (50-70%) I N T E S T I N E =

15. R u m e n Undegraded dietary protein Microbial protein Endogenous protein PDIMN 3.3% PDIME 5.5% PDIA 1.4% PDI value PDIN 4.7% PDIE 6.9% 2- Example Corn Silage CP = 7.7% Energy undegraded degraded fermented This means we should combine the corn silage with a feedstuff which is higher In PDIN compared to PDIE Why? Because if we need an efficient mircobial protein synthesis We need Nitrogen and Energy supply balanced (50-70%) I N T E S T I N E

16. R u m e n Undegraded dietary protein Microbial protein Endogenous protein PDIMN 6.9% PDIME 4.3% PDIA 4.6% PDIN 11.6% PDIE 8.9% 2- Some thing like Alfa-Alfa Hay CP = 18% Energy undegraded degraded fermented (50-70%) I N T E S T I N E

17. 2- Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows: NRC (2001) Metabolizable Protein 1g of MP = 1g of AA Intestine Rumen N in faeces 1-Microbial 2-Undegraded MP × Muscle Crude protein intake N intake × 6.25 Mammary gland Milk protein

18. MP 2- Feed protein evaluation in NRC, 2001 Protein (CP) Energy undegraded degraded R u m e n (50-60%) Undegraded dietary protein Microbial protein Endogenous protein I N T E S T I N E MCP/BCP RUP

19. 2-Evolution of PDI System 1978Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA PDIE(=PDIME+PDIA) = PDIN (=PDIMN+PDIA) PDIM Microbial Protein Degradable in Rumen + PDIA Dietary Protein Ruminally undegradable PDIMN=PDIME N available in the rumen Energy In the rumen

20. 2- Evolution of PDI System 1998 Vérité et Delaby:Protein & Energy Concept 1978Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA

21. Milk protein yield, g/d 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 50 53 56 59 62 65 71 PDI/NEL , g/Mcal 2- Protein and Energy Relationship

22. 1000 2.6 950 2.5 900 2.4 850 2.3 800 2.2 750 700 2.1 50 53 56 59 62 65 71 2- Protein and Energy Relationship Milk protein yield, g/d Total N output / N in Milk PDI/NEL , g/Mcal

23. 2-Evolution of PDI System 1993-2001 Rulquin et al. AADI System Amino-acids digestible in the SI Requirements of Aminoacids expressed in term of Percentage of PDIE e.g. LysDI= 7.3% of PDIE 1998 Vérité & Delaby:Protein & Energy Concept 1978Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA

24. 2- Evolution of PDI System 2007 Rulquin et al. Ideal Profile in AADI for EAA 1993-2001 Rulquin et al. AADI System: LysDi & MetDi 1998 Vérité et Delaby Protien/ Energy 1978 PDI (INRA)

25. 2- Evolution of PDI System 2012, Haque et al. Ideal Profile in AADI for EAA 1993-2001 Rulquin et al. AADI System: LysDi & MetDi 1998 Vérité et Delaby Protien/ Energy 1978 PDI (INRA)

26. Conclusion Part 2 • The feed formulation systems can help you • Balance Protein requirements • Balance Protein to Energy ratio in rumen and cow • Balance the profile of EAA Key Principal Feed the rumen and Feed the cow

27. Practical

28. Protein Requirements in INRA feeding system • Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow • Maintenance • Production • Pregnancy • Growth (primiparous)

29. Protein Requirements in INRA feeding system • Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow • Maintenance = (3.25 × BW0.75) • Production = (milk yield × protein content)/0.64) • Pregnancy = (0.07 × conceptus BW × e0.111 × gestation wk) • Growth (Heifer) = (422 - (10.4 × age)

30. Protein Requirements = Practical Calculations Assume a Holstein dairy cow with Body weight = 600 kg Milk Yield = 25 kg/d Protein contents = 3.5% Gestation week = 27th or 190 days Conceptus wt = 20 kg DMI = 20 kg/d

31. Protein Requirements = Calculated Requirements • Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow • Maintenance = (3.25 × 6000.75) = 424 g/d • Production = (25 × 3.5%)/0.64/1000) = 1367 g/d • Pregnancy = (0.07 × 20 × e0.111 × 27) = 29 g/d Total PDI Requirement = 1820 g/d Equates with 14% CP

32. Protein Supply from diet • Need to balance 3 things • Protein Requirement • Protein to energy ratio • Essential Amino Acid Supply

33. You have 3-4 things to mix • Corn Silage (basal diet) • Soybean meal (concentrate) protein source • Energy rich Concentrate • Urea (a source of degradable protein)

34. Based on CP need

35. Balancing Diet

36. PDI values PDI req 1820 g Balancing Diet: 1

37. PDIE>PDIN Balancing Diet: 2

38. Balancing Diet: 3

39. PDI /Energy Relationship • The Net energy supply • 1.6 Mcal/kg of DM = 32 Mcal/d • The Net Energy Required • 1.6 Mcal/kg of DM = 32 Mcal/d PDI-to-NEL ratio required = 1820g/32Mcal = 57.0 g/Mcal

40. Ideal Diet PDI /Energy Supply

41. The Next Step….. Amino Acid Requirements and Supplies in Dairy Cows Haque et al. (2012)

42. Feed Values Large variation in our local feed stuff Basal diets are numerous (issue in balancing PDIN vs. PDIE) Energy contents are low in diets. Improper use of nitrogen 3- Issues While Formulating the diets

43. Animal Requirements Which system should be used INRA or NRC Problems in equation coefficient PDI = 1820 g/d and MP = 1700 g/d Cows model for Buffalo need more careful adjustments of equations The demand of protein and energy/ unit increase in temp? 3- Issues While Formulating the diets

44. 4- On Field Evaluations Model Industrial formulations Generating improved formulas Data processing & comparisons of various farms? Balance TMR Commercial Farms Data on Production and performance?

45. Thank you very much for your attention