Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks ~Chapter 5 ~ ^_^

1. Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks~Chapter 5~^_^

2. Minerals: the building blocks of rocks Definition of a mineral Natural Inorganic Solid Possess an orderly internal structure of atoms Have a definite chemical composition

3. Composition and structure of minerals Atoms Smallest particles of matter Elements Basic building blocks of minerals Over 100 are known

4. Periodic table of the Elements

5. How atoms are constructed Nucleus – central part of an atom that contains Protons – positive electrical charges Neutrons – neutral electrical charges Have all the characteristics of an elements Energy levels, or shells Surround nucleus Contain electrons – negative electrical charges

6. Simplified view of the atom

7. How atoms are constructed Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus Bonding of atoms Forms a compound with two or more elements Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons Isotopes Have varying number of neutrons

8. How atoms are constructed Isotopes Have different mass numbers – the sum of the neutrons plus protons Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles

9. Minerals Physical properties of minerals Crystal form Luster Color Streak Hardness Cleavage Fracture Other properties (taste, smell, elasticity, malleability, feel, magnetism, double refraction)

10. Crystal Form

11. Luster

12. Cleavage

13. Streak

14. Hardness

15. Cleavage

16. Fracture

17. Other PropertiesCrystal Form

18. The mineral quartz often exhibits good crystal form

19. Pyrite (fool’s gold) displays metallic luster

21. Three examples of perfect cleavage – fluorite, halite, and calcite

22. Conchoidal fracture

23. Minerals Physical properties of minerals Other properties Feel Magnetism Double Refraction Reaction to hydrochloric acid

24. Minerals A few dozen minerals are called the rock-forming minerals The eight elements that compose most rock-forming minerals are oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) Most abundant atoms in Earth's crust: Oxygen (46.6% by weight) S ilicon (27.7% by weight)

26. Minerals Major Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates Most common mineral group Contain the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron Four oxygen atoms surrounding a much smaller silicon atom Feldspars are the most plentiful mineral group Crystallize from molten material

27. Minerals Mineral groups Rock-formingsilicates : Olivine – independent tetrahedra Pyroxene group – tetrahedra are arranged in chains Amphibole group – tetrahedra are arranged in double chains

28. Hornblende – a member of the amphibole group

29. Minerals Mineral groups Rock-formingsilicates Micas – tetrahedra are arranged in sheets Biotite and Muscovite Feldspars - Blocky Two types- Orthoclase and Plagioclase Quartz –

30. Potassium feldspar

31. Plagioclase feldspar

32. Major Mineral groups: Nonsilicate Mineral Groups: Oxides Sulfides Carbonates A major rock-forming group Found in the rocks limestone and marble Evaporites Halite and gypsum are found in sedimentary rocks Many have economic value

33. Native Copper

34. Some common non-silicate minerals

35. Mineral resources Reserves are already identified deposits Ores are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit Economic factors may change and influence a resource

36. An underground halite (salt) mine

37. The Bingham copper mine in Utah

38. Formative Mineral Quiz Directions: Take out separate piece of paper and number 1-17 For each slide, identify the mineral either based on how it looks or on the clue given. Correct quiz and record which ones you need study more!

39. Concoidal Fracture

40. IDENTIFY IT!

41. HCL Test (fizzing)

42. Double Refraction

43. IDENTIFY IT!

44. Perfect Cleavage (3 at 90 deg.)- NO THER HINTS!

45. Definitely not gold… unless you’re a fool.

46. Fibrous

47. MOHS = 1

48. Streak Test

49. Magnetic… but the streak is throwing me off

50. Uber Magnetic