Parenthetical Citations Giving Credit WHERE Credit Is Due

1. Parenthetical Citations Giving Credit WHERE Credit Is Due M. Stec Barrington Middle School Created 4-11-08

2. Why Do We Need To Use Parenthetical Citations? • A works cited list gives readers information about how to locate your sources • Parenthetical citations show what information you borrowed from each source and where to locate it in the source

3. Example: McDonald’s is an extremely popular choice for Americans looking for a quick meal. “Every day about one out of fourteen Americans eats at a McDonald’s. Every month about nine out of ten American children visit one” (Schlosser and Wilson 7).

4. Works Cited Connelly, Susan. Letter to Thomas Gaffey. 3 Mar. 2006. Washington DC: Grocery Manufacturers Association, n.d. GMA: The Association of Food, Beverage and Consumer Products Company. 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.gmabrands.com/‌publicpolicy/‌docs/‌Correspondence.cfm?docid=1626>. Gibaldi, Joseph. “Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text.” MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 1977. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2003. 237-60. Howard, Brian C. “Sugar or Sweetener?” E Magazine: The Environmental Magazine Mar.-Apr. 2006: 40-41. Middle Search Plus. EBSCO. Barrington Middle School Prairie Campus Lib., Barrington, IL. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com/‌login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=19786059&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site>. Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006. “Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.sugarysam.com/‌facts.htm>.

5. When Not To Cite or Quote • Common Knowledge – facts or ideas most people know • Facts or ideas that are easily found in an encyclopedia, reference book and textbook • Example: One result of eating a lot of fast food is weight gain.

6. When To Use Direct Quotations • Statistics • Shows character (humanness) • Shows an opinion • Interesting!!! • By paraphrasing you will lose the statement’s impact or meaning • It’s imperative that you understand the quote.

7. Example: According to Schlosser and Wilson, “Dactylopius coccus costa…bugs are collected, dried, and ground into a color additive. It takes about 70,000 of the insects to make a pound of carmine, which is used to make processed foods look pink, red, or purple” (121-22).

8. Works Cited Connelly, Susan. Letter to Thomas Gaffey. 3 Mar. 2006. Washington DC: Grocery Manufacturers Association, n.d. GMA: The Association of Food, Beverage and Consumer Products Company. 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.gmabrands.com/‌publicpolicy/‌docs/‌Correspondence.cfm?docid=1626>. Gibaldi, Joseph. “Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text.” MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 1977. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2003. 237-60. Howard, Brian C. “Sugar or Sweetener?” E Magazine: The Environmental Magazine Mar.-Apr. 2006: 40-41. Middle Search Plus. EBSCO. Barrington Middle School Prairie Campus Lib., Barrington, IL. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com/‌login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=19786059&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site>. Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006. “Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.sugarysam.com/‌facts.htm>.

9. Paraphrased Material • Credit must be given to others when ideas are borrowed • Paraphrased information needs the same parenthetical references as directly quoted material • Follow the same rules with the exception of the use of quotation marks

10. Information Needed in a Parenthetical Citation • Clearly point to specific sources in the works cited list • Author name ~ be aware of duplicate names • Title of work if listed this way in works cited list • Identify location of information within the source. • Page number • Films, television programs, recordings, performances and electronic sources with no page numbers ~ embed the type of work within your sentence or include the title of the presentation or work

11. Two Places To Check For Help With Parenthetical Citations 1. NoodleTools: parenthetical citation link on the far right side of citiation listed on the bibliography screen

12. Two Places To Check For Help With Parenthetical Citations Example shown ~ scroll the list for specifics

13. Two Places To Check For Help With Parenthetical Citations • Page 42 in the Student Planner

14. Practice ~ Paraphrased Material Author’s name embedded in the text of your paper ~ place page number in parentheses: Example: Woods says that your chances of being attacked by a shark are one in 5,000,000 (17).

15. Practice ~ Paraphrase This Taken from pg. 120 Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006. “When flavorists create additives for kid’s foods, they usually get rid of the bitterness and increase the sweetness. Children’s flavors are often twice as sweet as those made for adults.”

16. Practice ~ One Possiblity Schlosser and Wilson explain that children’s food has double the sweetness compared to adult’s food because bitter flavors are removed and sweetener is added (120).

17. Practice ~ Direct Quotations Use quotation marks for all direct quotations. Example: Woods notes a shark attack is so rare that “odds against it have been calculated at about one in 5,000,000” (17).

18. Practice ~ Direct Quotations Taken from pg. 142 Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006. “The fast-food chains buy Coca-Cola syrup for about $4.25 a gallon. A medium Coke that sells for $1.29 contains about nine cents’ worth of syrup.”

19. Practice ~ One Possibility Schlosser and Wilson explain that fast-food chains make the most money from selling soft drinks. “The fast-food chains buy Coca-Cola syrup for about $4.25 a gallon. A medium Coke that sells for $1.29 contains about nine cents’ worth of syrup” (142).

20. Practice ~ Parenthetical References Not Embedded In Text Use author’s last name followed by page number with parentheses when not using the author’s name or title of the work within the sentence. Example: “Odds against it have been calculated at about one in 5,000,000” (Woods 17).

21. Practice ~ Parenthetical References Not Embedded In Text Taken from pg. 143 Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006. “In 1975 the typical American drank about twenty-seven gallons of soda a year. Today the typical American drinks about fifty-four gallons of soda a year.”

22. Practice ~ One Possibility “In 1975 the typical American drank about twenty-seven gallons of soda a year. Today the typical American drinks about fifty-four gallons of soda a year” (Schlosser and Wilson 143).

23. Practice ~ Direct Quotation Connelly, Susan. Letter to Thomas Gaffey. 3 Mar. 2006. Washington DC: Grocery Manufacturers Association, n.d. GMA: The Association of Food, Beverage and Consumer Products Company. 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.gmabrands.com/‌publicpolicy/‌docs/‌Correspondence.cfm?docid=1626>. “For food products, GMA also supports the use of age-appropriate serving sizes to teach students about caloric intake and appropriate serving sizes. We believe an age appropriate mix of competitive foods should be offered and do not believe nutrient restrictions are the most appropriate approach to teaching children the importance of a balanced diet. “

24. Practice ~ Direct Quotation Connelly, Susan. Letter to Thomas Gaffey. 3 Mar. 2006. Washington DC: Grocery Manufacturers Association, n.d. GMA: The Association of Food, Beverage and Consumer Products Company. 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.gmabrands.com/‌publicpolicy/‌docs/‌Correspondence.cfm?docid=1626>. Susan Connelly from the Grocery Manufacturers Association stated in her letter to Senator Thomas Gaffey, “For food products, GMA also supports the use of age-appropriate serving sizes to teach students about caloric intake and appropriate serving sizes. We believe an age appropriate mix of competitive foods should be offered and do not believe nutrient restrictions are the most appropriate approach to teaching children the importance of a balanced diet. “

25. Practice ~ Another Possibility Connelly, Susan. Letter to Thomas Gaffey. 3 Mar. 2006. Washington DC: Grocery Manufacturers Association, n.d. GMA: The Association of Food, Beverage and Consumer Products Company. 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.gmabrands.com/‌publicpolicy/‌docs/‌Correspondence.cfm?docid=1626>. “For food products, GMA also supports the use of age-appropriate serving sizes to teach students about caloric intake and appropriate serving sizes. We believe an age appropriate mix of competitive foods should be offered and do not believe nutrient restrictions are the most appropriate approach to teaching children the importance of a balanced diet “ (Connelly).

26. Practice ~ Web Page No Author “Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.sugarysam.com/‌facts.htm>. “Sweet potatoes and yams are not the same. A yam is a large, starchy, tropical root crop grown in Asia or West Africa that can weigh up to 100 pounds. However, Southern sweet potato producers began calling their crop “yams” to distinguish it from the white-fleshed sweet potatoes grown in other parts of the country.”

27. Practice ~ Web Page No Author “Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.sugarysam.com/‌facts.htm>.

28. Practice ~ Web Page No Author “Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.sugarysam.com/‌facts.htm>. “Sweet potatoes and yams are not the same. A yam is a large, starchy, tropical root crop grown in Asia or West Africa that can weigh up to 100 pounds. However, Southern sweet potato producers began calling their crop “yams” to distinguish it from the white-fleshed sweet potatoes grown in other parts of the country” ("Sweet Facts about").

29. Citing Indirect Sources • Best to take material from the original source • When indirect source is used, ie. someone’s published account of another’s spoken remarks • Use abbreviation qtd. in • Upton Sinclair wrote, “the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one – there were things that went into sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit” (qtd. in Schlosser and Wilson 184).

30. Tips For Making Your Paper Easier To Read • Vary the ways you use parenthetical references • Some references you may choose to embed the author’s name or title of the work in your sentence. • Some references you may choose to put the information in parentheses at the end of your sentence • MLA Handbook states, “Keep parenthetical references as brief – and as few – as clarity and accuracy permit” (239).

31. Tips For Making Your Paper Easier To Read • To help the flow of your writing: • Place the parenthetical reference where you would naturally pause • Preferred placement of the reference would be at the end of a sentence • Try to keep reference as near to the borrowed material as possible • Place punctuation mark after the parenthetical reference

32. Works Cited Connelly, Susan. Letter to Thomas Gaffey. 3 Mar. 2006. Washington DC: Grocery Manufacturers Association, n.d. GMA: The Association of Food, Beverage and Consumer Products Company. 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.gmabrands.com/‌publicpolicy/‌docs/‌Correspondence.cfm?docid=1626>. Gibaldi, Joseph. “Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text.” MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 1977. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2003. 237-60. Howard, Brian C. “Sugar or Sweetener?” E Magazine: The Environmental Magazine Mar.-Apr. 2006: 40-41. Middle Search Plus. EBSCO. Barrington Middle School Prairie Campus Lib., Barrington, IL. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com/‌login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=19786059&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site>. Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006. “Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.sugarysam.com/‌facts.htm>.