Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 Review and Discussion

2. Conquest and Slavery In The New World, 1400-1750

3. The Eve of Destruction • In 1492 anthropologists estimate there were about 75 million Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere; 25 million in Mexico • By 1650 there are less than 10 million in the hemisphere; 1 million in Mexico! • What happened?

4. The Rest of the Story… • The Spanish forced the Indians to work for the Spanish on Spanish farms and in mines. • Thousands of the Indians died from over work, lack of food and disease; a small pox epidemic spread across the land. • Many of the Indians were forced to convert to Christianity, which has created a mixture of Spanish and Indian cultures.

5. The history of Native People in the Latin America… The picture “says” it all! What do you see?

6. Land Claims in the Americas • By 1675, Spain, France, Britain, and Portugal possessed sizable overseas empires. • Trade ships carried goods between Europe and the Americas and Africa.

7. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE… WHAT IS IT?

9. Columbian Exchange • Disease (small pox –the greatest killer) • greatly reduced Amerindian populations (thereby assisting European conquest and accelerating cultural change), while Europeans brought home Amerindian diseases such as syphilis. • Europeans (Old World) • introduced bananas and wheat that diversified Amerindian diets, while other crops like sugar cane were intended for cultivation with exploited labor • European horses, cattle, and pigs also affected indian lives • Horses (increased military capacity and hunting efficiency) • New World • the Amerindian crops of maize, potatoes, and manioc had a great impact on Old World agriculture • beaver and other fur-bearing animals significantly influenced the exchange between Amerindians and Europeans

10. Land Claims in the Americas About 1750

11. colonial societies established in the Americas by Spain and Portugal • Society • patterned after their homelands: class-based, hierarchical, and uniformly Catholic. • Labor shortage • because of epidemic disease and the resulting labor shortages, the African slave trade became a major factor in colonial society and culture. • Catholic Church (richest institution) • Transferred European language, culture, and Christian belief to the New World • Although American Indian religious belief survived beneath the surface of imposed Christianity • Economy • Spain- dominated by silver mines of Bolivia and Peru • Brazil- sugar plantation

12. Use of labor in the Spanish and Portuguese American colonies • As wealth became harder to extract, labor demands multiplied • Mita (Peru) • Rotational labor draft • 1/7 adult American Indian male were drafted for forced labor for 6 months out of the year • African Slaves • Portuguese developed the slave labor plantation system in the Atlantic Islands and Brazil • First used American Indian slaves and then more expensive but more productive and more disease resistant African slaves

13. In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new very strict class system: • Peninsulares, people born in Spain, were at the top of society. • Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were next. • Mestizos were people of Native American and European descent. • Mulattoes were people of African and European descent. Spanish Colonial Society

14. Ruling the Spanish Empire In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California to South America. THE ECONOMY GOVERNMENT THE CATHOLIC CHURCH • Spain was determined to maintain strict control over its empire. • The empire was divided into five provinces, each of which was ruled by a viceroy. • The Council of the Indies helped pass laws for the colonies. • The Church worked with the government to convert Native Americans to Christianity. • Church leaders often served as royal officials. • Spanish missionaries forcibly imposed European culture over Native American culture. • Spain closely controlled economic activity, especially trade. • The Spanish grew sugar cane, which was grown on plantations and required large numbers of workers. • At first, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work under brutal conditions. • Later, the colonists began shipping slaves from Africa to do their work.

15. The English and French did not colonize the Americas until almost a century after the Spanish and Portuguese. Why? • Civil unrest • The French and the English were initially distracted by civil and foreign wars and so lacked the will and resources to seek colonies any sooner • In North America in 1754, the French and English battled each other in the French and Indian War. • Also Britain vs. France clashed in a worldwide struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War.

16. Treaty of Paris 1763 • In 1756-1763, France lost Canada to England and also ceded Louisiana to Spain

17. How were the French and English colonies both similar to and different from those of Spain and Portugal? • English • favored removal of Native Americans rather than assimilation • French • preferred a policy of conversion of native peoples to Christianity. • Similarities • All colonizers met native peoples with a mixture of violence and diplomacy. • African slaves were important in much of the Americas. • Differences • Rather than controlling American expansion through their central governments, both nations acted through private corporations and individual proprietors. • colonized with larger percentages of Europeans

18. South • Virginia • Virginia company established the colony of James town in 1606 • Lost 80% of the population within 15 years • English crown took it over in 1624 • Established a tobacco plantation • First used Indentured servants, however, as life expectancy in the colonies improved, planters purchased more slaves. • Carolinas • Slave labor produced rice and indigo • Enslaved Africans and descendants formed majority of the population • Stono Rebellion in 1739 led to more repressive policies towards slaves throughout the Southern colonies

19. New England • New England • Religious freedom • Pilgrims – break completely from Church of England established Plymouth colony in Massachusetts • Puritans – wanted to reform the church of England settled in Massachusetts Bay colony • Economy • Climate and resources did not favor cash crop agriculture • New Englanders traded timber, fur, and other forest products as well as fish to provide their economic foundation. • New England also provided commercial and shipping services to the American colonies. • Slaves and indentured servants were present in New England, but in very small numbers because of the lack of cash crop agriculture.

20. Middle Atlantic • New York • became a commercial and shipping center • Exported grain to the Caribbean and Southern Europe • Pennsylvania (founded by Quakers) • Developed into a wealthy grain exporting colony with Philadelphia as its major commercial city • Grain was produced by free family farmers • *environmental factors and geography played a key role in the experience of slaves and the demand for slave labor*

21. Compare and contrast the different colonial regions established in British North America. In what ways were they similar or different? • private ventures • to escape from religious persecution or designed to gather wealth. • Government ventures • Some colonies were established by the monarchy, while others were given only a royal blessing. • Indenture servants • English introduced indentured servants eventually accounted for approximately 80 percent of all English immigrants to Virginia and Maryland. • Carolinas • northern part of the Carolinas, economy based on tobacco and forest products encouraged a slow expansion of slavery. • Charleston and the interior of South Carolina settlers developed plantations and imitate the slave plantation systems of Brazil and the Caribbean. • rice and indigo crops attracted increasing flow of African slaves.