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The Aquatic Realm

The Aquatic Realm. Oceans, Lakes, Rivers, Streams, Ponds, & Wetlands. http://pictopia.com/perl/get_image?provider_id=207&size=550x550_mb&ptp_photo_id=156420. Water Water Everywhere. What color is the planet Earth from space? 78.08% Nitrogen (N 2 ) 20.95% Oxygen (O 2 ) 0.93% Argon

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The Aquatic Realm

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  1. The Aquatic Realm Oceans, Lakes, Rivers, Streams, Ponds, & Wetlands http://pictopia.com/perl/get_image?provider_id=207&size=550x550_mb&ptp_photo_id=156420

  2. Water Water Everywhere • What color is the planet Earth from space? • 78.08% Nitrogen (N2) • 20.95% Oxygen (O2) • 0.93% Argon • 0.038% Carbon dioxide • About 1% water vapor (varies with climate) • All life depends on water http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0201/earthrise_apollo8.jpg

  3. Water Water Everywhere • White • About 1% water vapor (varies with climate) • ~10% permanent ice (as glaciers, ice caps, etc.) • Blue • 71% of the planet covered in liquid water – surface of planet is primarily blue http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9703/seaice_sts45_big.jpg

  4. Water Water Everywhere • 97% Saltwater oceans 2.4% Glaciers and polar ice caps • 0.6% other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Iceberg_with_hole_near_sanderson_hope_2007-07-28_2.jpg

  5. Fresh Water • How much water is available to drink? • 100% water on Earth • 97% is salt water. • 2.31% is ice • 0.66% is groundwater and soil moisture. • 0.03% is fresh water http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/img/cache/02268c260f8fff6f7502dd93a20e39be/WCYL-700.jpg

  6. Chemistry of Water • Composition of water • Structure and bonding • Molecular vibration • Symmetry of water molecules • Formation of hydrogen bonding • Structure of ice • Autoionization • Leveling effect of water and acid-base characters • Amphiprotic nature • Reactivity of water towards metals • Electrolysis of water http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/images/images/3.3_3.gif

  7. Cold Water • Cold water sinks • Water, as it gets colder, it becomes more dense (most dense at 4ºC (39ºF)) • At freezing, water expands (so it floats) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/waterdens.html http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/ocean-temperature.jpg

  8. Cold Water • Heavy, dense water moves very slowly through deep regions of the ocean • Warm, less dense water moves quickly at surface • Interface between glacier and marine http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Water/images/sm_temperature_depth.jpg http://www.eduspace.esa.int/Background/images/pumpe.gif

  9. Demo • Hot water rises • Cold water sinks • Go to:http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/00000031 • Try salt water vs. fresh (deionized water) • Predict hot fresh water vs. cold salt water http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/00000031

  10. Salts • Sea water solutes comprised of several salts (i.e. KCl, CaCl2, NaCl, MgCl2) • Forms ionic bonds • Dissolves in water, leaving cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged) http://omp.gso.uri.edu/doee/science/physical/salt5.gif

  11. Salts • These ions conduct electricity • Don’t make toast at the same time you take a bath, I am sure your mother warned. What happens if the toaster falls into the water??? http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/salts.jpg

  12. Put Everything Together • Fresh water, less dense • Warm water, less dense • Warm water, less dissolved oxygen • Marine water, more dense • Cold water, more dense • Cold water, more oxygen http://www.stuffintheair.com/images/GlacierMelting.jpg

  13. Put Everything Together • Fresh warmer water enters the ocean at streams and rivers, and sits on top • Colder, salty water is more dense, and remains deeper • How does it mix? http://www.andrill.org/iceberg/blogs/julian/images/thc.gif

  14. Variables http://www.eco-check.org/images/do_conceptual_diagram.png

  15. Antarctic and Arctic Waters • Nutrient rich • Fresh, cold, oxygen rich water • Concentrations of plankton • Krill – keystone species, feed on plankton http://www.proteinpower.com/drmike/archives/Krill_Water.jpg http://www.oceanoasis.org/teachersguide/images/a6-upwelling2.jpg

  16. Winds Mix Water • Winds, blowing at the surface of the water, pushed the warmer, less dense water, allowing the deep cold water to mix http://images.aad.gov.au/img.py/110e.jpg

  17. Winds • Trade winds • Move from high pressure to low pressure • Cells of rising hot air, sinking cold air http://outreach.eos.nasa.gov/EOSDIS_CD-03/images/globalcirc.jpg

  18. Currents • Major current cycles • Slave trade routes • Circles Antarctica • Movement of cold polar water to warm tropical water • More land mass in northern hemisphere http://www.coconutstudio.com/Coconut%20Origins_files/curentts_winds_marine_bio.jpg

  19. Ocean Currents • Our simplified view of oceans is wrong • Pollution from North America has been found in Antarctica waters • Deep current circulates slowly around the world http://forces.si.edu/arctic/images/02_02_04_a.gif

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