ARTERIES and VEINS

1. ARTERIES and VEINS

2. Cardiovascular System: Pulmonary Circuit It carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart Systemic Circuit It supplies blood to every organ of the body, including the lungs and the heart itself Blood Vessels: Arteries They carry blood away from the heart Veins They carry blood back to (toward) the heart Capillaries They connect the arteries with the veins

3. The Vessel Wall Lumen • It lines the blood vessel and is exposed to blood. Tunica interna It is simple squamous epithelium. Endothelium • Functions: • 1- Acts as a selectively permeable barrier. • 2- Secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction of the vessel. • 3- Normally repels blood cells and platelets that may adhere to it and form a clot. • 4- When tissue around vessel is inflamed, the endothelial cells produce cell-adhesion molecules that induce leukocytes to adhere to the surfaceand causes leukocytes to congregate in tissues where their defensive actions are needed. • It consists of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic tissue. Tunica media • Functions: • 1- Strengthens vessel and prevents blood pressure from rupturing them. • 2- Vasomotion – changes in diameter of the blood vessel brought about by smooth muscle. • It consists of loose connective tissue that often merges with that of neighboring blood vessels, nerves, or other organs. Tunica externa Areolar connective tissue. Basement membrane Nerve They are small vessels that supply blood to at least the outer half of the larger vessels. Vasa vasorum • Functions: • 1- Anchors the vessel and provides passage for small nerves, lymphatic vessels.

4. Tunica externa Comparison of the Structure of a Typical Artery and Vein Tunica externa Tunica media Tunica media Tunica interna Tunica interna Smooth muscle Smooth muscle Internal elastic membrane Endothelium External elastic membrane Endothelium Elastic fibers ARTERY VEIN 1- Arteries generally have thicker walls than veins 2- The lumen of arteries looks smaller than that of veins of same size 3- Arterial endothelium forms folds, but vein’s lining does not show folds 4- Generally, veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood

6. Circumflex artery Left coronary artery Anterior I-V artery Right coronary artery Posterior I-V artery Left coronary artery Right coronary artery Marginal arteries Coronary sinus Great cardiac vein Circumflex artery Anterior interventricular artery Posterior interventricular artery Small cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein Marginal artery Coronary Circulation

7. Ascending aorta Aortic arch Descending thoracic aorta Descending abdominal aorta

8. Right common carotid Left common carotid Right Vertebral artery Right subclavian Left subclavian Right axillary artery Brachiocephalic trunk Left axillary artery Internal thoracic arteries Left Vertebral artery

9. Right subclavian artery Right brachial artery Right axilary artery Right radial artery Right ulnar artery Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch

10. Left subclavian vein Cephalic Basilic Brachial Veins of the Upper Limb Left Brachio- cephalic vein Left axillary vein

11. Brachial Median cubital Cephalic Basilic Radial Ulnar Median antebrachial Superficial and deep palmar plexuses

14. Celiac trunk Common hepatic artery Left gastric artery Splenic artery Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery

16. Gonadal arteries Renal arteries Common iliac arteries External iliac Internal iliac

17. Gonadal Renal veins Right common iliac Internal iliac External iliac (Ovarian or spermatic)

18. The Portal Systems • Blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart. • 1- Between hypothalamus and anterior • pituitary. • 2- In kidneys. • 3- Between intestines to liver. Hepatic Portal System

19. The Hepatic Portal System The hepatic portal system drains all the blood from the abdominal digestive tract, as well as from the pancreas, gallbladder and spleen. Gastric vv. Hepatic portal v. Hepatic veins Splenic v. Inferior vena cava The hepatic portal system gives the liver first claim to the nutrients before the blood is distributed to the rest of the body. Superior mesenteric v. Inferior mesenteric v. It also allows the blood to be cleansed of bacteria and toxins picked up from the intestine.

20. Arteries of the Lower Limb Femoral artery Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Fibular or peroneal artery Posterior tibial artery External iliac Internal iliac Posterior view Anterior view

21. Veins of the Lower Limb Popliteal Lesser saphenous Peroneal or fibular vein Posterior tibial vein Femoral vein Great saphenous Anterior tibial vein

24. Superficial temporal artery Maxillary Facial Internal carotid Vertebral artery External carotid Common carotid Brachiocephalic trunk Vertebral foramen Transverse foramen Ophthalmic artery Anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery

25. Superior sagittal sinus Temporal Maxillary Facial Vertebral External jugular Internal jugular Sigmoid sinus Brachiocephalic vein

26. Circle of Willis Anterior communicating artery R. and L. posterior communicating arteries

27. Anterior communicating artery Anterior cerebral arteries (branches of the internal carotid) Middle cerebral arteries (branches of the internal carotid) Posterior communicating arteries Basilar artery Vertebral arteries Posterior cerebral arteries Circle of Willis