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Joints

Joints. Chapter 5. Joints. Articulation: sites where two or more bones meet (also called “ arthrosis ”) Functions Hold bones together securely Give skeleton mobility Classification Functionally: amount of movement joint allows Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses

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Joints

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  1. Joints Chapter 5

  2. Joints • Articulation: sites where two or more bones meet (also called “arthrosis”) • Functions • Hold bones together securely • Give skeleton mobility • Classification • Functionally: amount of movement joint allows • Synarthroses • Amphiarthroses • Diarthroses • Structurally: type of binding connective tissue; presence/absence of synovial cavity • Fibrous • Cartilaginous • Synovial • Page 168, fig 5.30

  3. Functional Classification • Synarthrosis • Immoveable joint • Can become synostosis (bony joint) • Ex: sutures of skull

  4. Functional Classification • Amphiarthrosis • Slightly moveable joint • Ex: tibiofibular joint; slight flexibility to protect the bones of the joint but injured if moved too far

  5. Functional Classification • Diarthrosis • Freely moveable joint • All synovial joints (functional and structural categories align!) link

  6. Structural Classification

  7. Structural Classification • Fibrous Joints • United by fibrous connective tissue • No synovial cavity • Most are functionally classified as synarthroses (immoveable) • Ex: sutures of skull

  8. Types of Fibrous Joints • Sutures • Between bones of skull (only) • Amphiarthroses as fontanels • Become synarthroses (no movement) • Can become synostoses (bony joint) • Unique to the individual like fingerprints

  9. Types of Fibrous Joints • Syndesmosis • More distance • Fibrous connective tissue in sheet (interosseous membrane) or bundle (ligament) • Functionally classified as amphiarthroses • Ex: tibiofibular joint

  10. Types of Fibrous Joints • Gomphosis (dentoalveolar) • Cone-shaped peg in socket • Functionally classified as synarthrosis • Only joint between • teeth and bone

  11. Structural Classification • Cartilaginous Joints • Bone ends connected by cartilage • Can be functionally classified as amphiathrosis (slightly moveable) or synarthrosis (immoveable) • No synovial cavity • Ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints, epiphyseal plates

  12. Types of Cartilaginous Joints • Synchondrosis • Hyaline cartilage • Synarthrosis • Ex: growth plates -epiphyseal plates & joint between first rib and sternum • Become synostoses when grown

  13. Types of Cartilaginous Joints • Symphysis • Fibrocartilage • Found in axial skeleton (midline of body) • Amphiarthroses • Ex: pubic • symphysis and • intervertebral • joints

  14. Structural Classification • Synovial Joints • Connected by dense irregular connective tissue • Articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid • All joints of the limbs • All diarthroses

  15. Features of Synovial Joints • Articular cartilage (hyaline) • Articular capsule (2 layers) • Unites two bones • Fibrous capsule: Dense Regular CT attach to periosteum or ligament • Synovial membrane: loose areolar CT produces synovial fluid • Synovial fluid: shock absorption, nutrients, removes microbes and debris,reduces friction • Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) • Reinforcing (Accessory) ligaments • Large joints: ACL, MCL, PCL • More support/stabilization for joints that are under a lot of stress/pressure

  16. link Synovial Joints Classification • Also can contain: • Bursae: alleviate friction • Tendon sheaths: wrap around tendons to reduce friction (wrist, ankle, shoulder, fingers, toes) • Articular discs (menisci): cartilage that helps maintain stability, helps different shapes fit together in joint (ex: knee, TMJ)

  17. Damage to muscle tissue Sprain vs. Strain Damage to connective tissue of joint

  18. Inflammation of bursae

  19. Movements of Synovial Joints • Chapter 6, page 197 • Movement caused by relationship between parts • Four categories of movements • 1) Gliding • Flat bone surfaces against each other; no angle • Ex: intercarpal & intertarsal joints

  20. Movements of Synovial Joints • Four categories of movements • 2) Angular • Angle change • Includes: • Flexion • Extension • Lateral flexion • Lateral extension • Hyperextension • Abduction • Adduction • Circumduction

  21. Movements of Synovial Joints • Four categories of movements • 3) Rotational • Ex: head shaking no, foot moving laterally & medially

  22. Movements of Synovial Joints link • Four categories of movements • 4) Special Movements • Elevation/Depression • Protraction/retraction • Inversion/eversion • Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion • Supination/pronation • Opposition Movement

  23. Six Types of Synovial Joints • Planar joint • Gliding movements • Flat surfaces • Ex: intercarpal and intertarsal • Hinge joint • Convex fits into concave • Like door hinge • Biaxial (no hyperextension) • Ex: elbow • Pivot joint • Rounded surface articulates with ring • rotational • Ex: atlas around axis

  24. Six Types of Synovial Joints • Condylar joint (ellipsoid) • Concave into convex • Movement in multiple directions (oval shape) • biaxial • Ex: wrists • Saddle joint • “saddle” shaped • biaxial • Ex: wrist and thumb • Ball-and-socket joint • multiaxial • Ex: hip, shoulder

  25. Synovial Joints Pg. 171, fig 5.32

  26. Synovial Joints

  27. Synovial Joints • Range of motion: amount of movement • Factors affecting ROM at synovial joints: • Structure or shape of articulating bones (how they fit) • Strength and tension of ligaments (depends on position; disease, atrophy, etc.) • Arrangement and tension of muscles (tension restricts movement) • Contact of soft parts (adipose tissue can affect ROM) • Hormones (ex: relaxin with the pubic symphysis) • Disuse (decrease synovial fluid, flexibility of ligaments and tendons, muscular atrophy)

  28. Homeostatic Imbalance • Arthritis • Inflammatory joint disorder • Changes in joint structure occur • Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis

  29. TMJD • Temporomandibular joint disease • Often caused by trauma to jaw joints, genetics, or dental procedures • Symptoms include facial pain, headaches, grinding of teeth, popping of jaw, and swallowing difficulties • Not well defined in medical community

  30. link Ankylosing Spondylitis

  31. Lyme disease

  32. link Arnold’s syndrome

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