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Building and Empire

Building and Empire . Orhan (1326-1360) Acted as Vizir for Osman Moved the Capital to Bursa Struck Ottoman Silver Coin; Replaced Seljuk Coins Made a Stable State Mixed Population Stabilize Conquests Extend Dominion Not a Fanatic Name Friday Prayer.

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Building and Empire

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  1. Building and Empire

  2. Orhan (1326-1360)Acted as Vizir for OsmanMoved the Capital to BursaStruck Ottoman Silver Coin; Replaced Seljuk CoinsMade a Stable State Mixed PopulationStabilize ConquestsExtend DominionNot a FanaticName Friday Prayer

  3. Orhan Appointed a Man Outside the Family as VizirConsiderable Power as Chief MinisterAppointed Commanders; Civil Administrators; Other VizirsAuthority with Title of Bey; HorsetailState Policy was Discussed and Determined by Vizirs in Meeting with SultanEarly Period the Sultan Made Most of the Final DecisionsPersian Term Divan-i-Humayun (Imperial Council) The First Minister Called Sadr-i-Azam (Grand Vizir) Tughra of Orhan IOrhan I was the first Sultan to use a Tughra

  4. ArmyOriginally all Soldiers were Turkoman HorsemenClans Under Tribal ChiefsCavalry, Armed with Bows, Arrows, and SpearsOrhan Found that Undisciplined Soldiers were of Little Use in Besieging and Taking Fortified CitiesNomads Useful in Overwhelming EnemiesNomads Desire for Booty not Good for Established Settled Institutions in Conquered Areas Bursa Orhan Gazi Mausoleum

  5. Orhan Organized a Separate Army of SoldierPaid a Regular Salary Rather Than BootyThe New Army Included both Christian and MuslimsThis Policy Continued Until The Time of Murat

  6. Pushed the Turkoman to the Frontiers; Shock Troops No Longer Called Ghazi; Akinci (Raiders) Deli (Fanatics)Ahead of the Regular Army in Search of BootyInaccessable Area Where the Regular Army Could Not be Tied Down for a Long PeriodMountainous Area of Bosnia, Albania,, Mont4enegroWhere there was Extended Christian ResistanceLarge Groups of Turkomans Were Brought in and SettledAdded a New Ethnic Mix Ewer, Iran, Late Twelfth to Early Thirteenth Century

  7. Yeni CheriNew Troops'Captured in War Very Few at FirstNo Navy

  8. Muslims were Obliged to Perform Military ServiceMuslims Eligible for Land TenureMilitary Fief Free of TaxChristians Had to Pay Head TaxChristians Tended to Work in the Cities

  9. Become OsmanliLandholding Were Small and Seldom HereditaryAll Land Was the Property of The StateSultan Owned The Land that was ConqueredConquer More Land; More SoldiersOrhan was Able to Raise a Professional Standing ArmyOrhan On a Permanent War Footing

  10. Osman’s Army was Turcoman IrregularsVolunteersCavalry

  11. Orhan Recruited Irregular InfantryExpendable ForceForefront in BattleBehind Well Trained InfantryExpanded Northwest to Dardanelles and East to Ankara

  12. Byzantine Emperor Asked Ottoman Support Against RivalsTwice Ottoman Assisted1354 Orhan Crossed Gallipoli and Refused to Return to AnatoliaMany Christians Served the Sultan as Officers, Soldiers, and AdministratorsTurkish, Islamic, and Byzantine Influence in the Development of the Institutions of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Horse Archer

  13. Government and Military Command in a Saddle BagAdministration and Army were the Same People1/5 of the Booty Pencik A Sipahi, from a 16th-century Western engraving

  14. Ibn Battuta in 1330’s Marveled at Orhan Visiting Nearly 100 Fortresses Assisted by Administrators Headed by a Grand VizirEarly Grand Vizir May Have Been Called PashaTerritory Divided Into SanjaksPolyglot Empire both Ethnically and Religiously

  15. Murad (1360-1389) Conquered the BalkansThrace, Macedonia, BulgariaByzantine Empire Enclave on European Side of The Bosporus with Ottoman Protection

  16. Added more Permanent Organized ForcesLess Irregulars and VolunteersSiphai Would Provide a Stipulated Number of Horse Fighters Murad I

  17. Christian InfluneceOrhan’s Wife Theodora—Daughter of CantacuzeneShe Remained a ChristianMurat I and Bayzit I Had Christian Greek MothersMurat Married the Bulgarian Princess Tamara and a Byzantine Princess HelenaBayzit married Desina—Daughter of Serian Prince LazarAll of These Women Brought Christian Advisers to the Ottoman Court

  18. Vassal Christian Princes of the Balkans Sent Contingents to the Ottoman ArmyAdvisers to The Ottoman CourtDevelop Ottoman Provincial and Central Administrative InstitutionsConversion Was Not Yet a Prerequisite for Entering Ottoman ServiceTurkish, Islamic, and Byzantine Blend Murad I

  19. Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović. Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović. Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović. Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović. Murat and Bayzit Abandoned the Simple Tribal Court of Osman and OrhanAdopted the Style of Imperial RuleBegan to Isolate Themselves Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović

  20. Great Power of the Period was the Serbians--King LazarSerbs, Albanians, Bosnians, Bulgars, Wallachian100,000 Against the Ottoman 60,000Defeated Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389Servia Lost its Independence in 1389 Battle on Kosovo, by Adam Stefanovic, 1870

  21. Bayzit I (1389-1402) YilderimConstantinople in 1385New Crusade; English, French, German and BalkansDefeated at NicopolisOttomans Master of The BalkansMoved Capital to Edirne Battle of Nicopolis (1396)

  22. Painting by Stanisław Chlebowski, Sultan Bayezid Prisoned by Timur, 1878, Depicting the Capture of Bayezid by Timur Bayzit Moved Against Turkish AnatoliaInvited Timur to AnatoliaClashed Near Ankara in 1402Taken PrisonerBayzit Died Four Sons11 years

  23. Mehmet I (1413-1421)Overcame His BrothersOttoman State Was Put Together Again Did not Have the EastNext 50 years Ottoman Continued WestwardPeriod of Mehmet I and Murad II Represents a Period of Consolidation of the Ottoman StateWarfare of Some Kind was Continuous

  24. Murat II (1421-1444) Hungarians Under John HunyadiTurks Raided Across the DanubeChristians Reached Black Sea Port of VarnaMurat RetiredCame out of Retirement to stop CrusadersSkanderberg of AlbaniaProblems with Venetian FleetMediterranean Trade and Black Sea TradeOttoman Needed a Navy Sultan Murat II

  25. Beginning of Maritime Struggle With the VenetiansConstantinople Had Eluded the TurksMurad’s Seige in 1422 was UnsuccessfulUsed Canons for the First Time Against the Wall

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