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Lif 301: Advanced Anatomy

Lif 301: Advanced Anatomy. Lecture 1: History, Review of Terminology, General Skeletal Anatomy Bones, Systems. Anatomy is…. More than just memorizing and labeling body parts… Knowledge of aesthetic beauty of the body

jacqueline-frederick
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Lif 301: Advanced Anatomy

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  1. Lif 301: Advanced Anatomy Lecture 1: History, Review of Terminology, General Skeletal Anatomy Bones, Systems

  2. Anatomy is… • More than just memorizing and labeling body parts… • Knowledge of aesthetic beauty of the body • Noticing perfection of human form and revealing its magnificent machinery • Knowing what to look for (landmarks)

  3. History of Anatomical Research • India : Ayurveda • Egyptian Mummification • Greek Contributions • Galen’s Work • Aristotle’s Dissections • Middle Ages: Theatrical displays of dissections (criminals) audience • DaVinci & Michalangelo’s notebooks • Modern-Day Medicine

  4. MaharashiCharaka: Father of Anatomy • India • Ayurveda • Alternative medicine • Mixture of magic, rites and rituals • Natural plant-based treatments

  5. Egyptians: Early Anatomical Studies • Provided opportunities for research in pursuit of medical knowledge • Basic knowledge required for Mummification procedure Organs removed: (brain, intestines, lungs, liver and stomach.)

  6. CanopicJars • Each organ was placed in a jar • Baboon: Lungs • Jackal: Stomach • Human: Liver • Falcon: Intestines

  7. Ka • Ba takes the form of a bird with a human head • Few records survive of the anatomical knowledge they must have accumulated after mummifying more than 70 million people.

  8. Greek Contributions to anatomy • Nomenclature, methods, and applications • Dissection of animals • Galen: Confusion between animal and human anatomy • Dogma crippled development of knowledge until the Renaissance

  9. Galen: 2nd century, AD • Greek doctor • Chief physician of the gladiators and Marcus Auerlius • Human dissection was forbidden, so he performed many of his dissections on apes, cats, and pigs. • Made many assumptions

  10. Human dissections: c.300 BC • First scientific studies in Egypt • Subjects: criminals, prisoners of war • Justified the suffering of the criminals • Provided 'remedies for innocent people of all future ages'. - Celsus, a Roman writer on medical history • In the Middle Ages, dissections of criminals took place at carnivals.

  11. Aristotle (384-322 BC) • Founder of the scientific study of anatomy • Studied on actual humans • Empirical evidence • Systematic methods • Without the anatomical understanding of the human body that is afforded by dissection, much of modern medicine would simply not exist.

  12. DaVinci, c. 1510 • Detailed observations fill his notebooks • Knowledge of mechanics, architecture and engineering provides insight • Knowledge in advance of science

  13. Da Vinci did not publish • After his death, DaVinci’s notebooks passed through generations of private collectors • Unknown for 300 years • Universally regarded as the finest drawings ever made

  14. Vesalius: De HumaniCorporisFabrica, 1543 • Seminal book published 24 years after Davinci’s death • Overthrew Galen’s views (Middle Ages) • Recently translated in English • http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/

  15. Contemporary Art inspired by Vesalius • Ashley Marnich

  16. AnatomicAlTheater in Padua, Italy, 17th century Students, clergy, royalty attended Dissected both animals and humans Skeletons in audience Memento Mori Winter only: refrigeration/ preservation • Wooden amphitheaters

  17. According neuroscientists, the image of the human brain is ingeniously hidden in the depiction of God's neck and chin in "Separation of Light From Darkness", which depicts the first act performed by God in the creation of the universe. Michelangelo secretly dissected many corpses

  18. He recognized that without understanding how the anatomy of the human worked it would be hard to paint and sculpt. Michelangelo wished to study anatomy, which was done through studying dead bodies (this was against the churches orders).

  19. Studies from Life In exchange for permission to study corpses, he had to make a wooden Crucifix for the altar. Unfortunately. the chemicals with which the dead are infused were particularily bad for the living, and his contact with all the bodies made him ill.

  20. Chapter One Review of Terminology: Direction and Location The Skeletal System

  21. Direction and Location TERMS • Lateral: farther away, in the direction of either side, from the midline of the body or a structure.  • Example: The tibia is on the medial side of the lower leg. The ribs are lateral  to the sternum

  22. Anatomical Terminology: Direction and Location • Anterior: situated near or toward the front (first in movement) of the body • Posterior: situated toward the back (last in movement) of the body.

  23. Superior/Inferior • Superior: situated toward the upper part or head of the body, positioned above another organ or structure. • Inferior: situated toward the lower part of the body or positioned below another organ or structure. • Example: The stomach is superior to the urinary bladder The heart is inferior to the brain

  24. Proximal/Distal • Proximal: closer to the point of origin or attachment of an extremity • Distal: farther away from the point of origin or attachment • Example: • The hand is distal to the elbow. The patella is at the proximal end of the tibia

  25. Prone/Supine • Prone: forearm and hand, turned palm-side downward • Supine: turned palm-side upward

  26. Dorsal/Ventral . • Applies to arms • No clear cut “front” and “back” • Ventral: Palm side, less hair and pigment • Dorsal: back of the palm—more melanin (pigment) and more hair

  27. Anatomical Terminology: General Regions of the Body • Cranial • Cervical/vertebral • Thoracic/costal • Sternal

  28. Anatomical Terminology: General Regions of the Body • Brachial • Axillary • Carpal • Tarsal • Palmar • Digital • Plantar

  29. Anatomical Terminology: General Regions of the Body • Pelvic • Gluteal • Femoral

  30. Gross anatomy • (“Gross”= large structures , opp. of “microscopic”); • Skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons • Accounts for 20 percent of body weight • Image by Brian Ewing

  31. General Skeletal Terminology • Cartilage: tough, rubbery nonvascular connective tissue, making up most of the fetal skeleton and present in certain areas of the adult skeleton (ears, nose, intervertebral disks) • Some cartilage ossifies (turns to bone) • Bone: calcified cartilage forming the skeleton of vertebrates • Skeleton provides a rigid framework that protects and supports soft organs of body

  32. General Skeletal Terminology • Articulate/Articulation • Joint (arthro) • Ligament (vs. tendon) • Ossify/Ossification

  33. Vertebrates • Sturdy internal frame centered on prominent spine • AXIAL skeleton • Sagittal Plane

  34. General Bone Features • Suture: interlocking of teeth-like edges (in skull) • Eminence: low convexity (barely perceptible/not obvious). Example: Frontal Eminence • Protuberance/Tubercle: Bump that can be felt under finger. Example: Occipital Protuberance • Tuberosity: Large or conspicuous bump. Example: tibial tuberosity • Process: Projection (can be grasped with fingers): example: Mastoid process

  35. Types of Joints • Newborn sutures are not fully connected: (fontanelles) • Immovable: • Suture: an interlocking of bones along their saw-tooth edges. Example: joints of the cranium • Cartilage: adhesion by means of cartilage (fibrous or hard) • Example: joints of breastbone with ribs • Slightly movable

  36. Slightly Movable Joints • Fibro-Cartilage: provides a spongy cushion between bones. • Example: Joints of spine (inter-vertebral discs.)

  37. Know the Two Parts of the Human Skeleton • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton

  38. Axial Skeleton • Includes: skull, spine (including the sacrum), and rib cage (including the sternum.) • Primary function: organ protection • Vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord and bones of the rib cage help protect the heart and lungs of the thorax

  39. Appendicular Skeleton • Includes: Bones of arms (including clavicles and scapulae) and legs (including ilia.) • Primary functions: Movement and interaction with environment. • Bones work together with muscles as simple mechanical lever systems to produce body movement.

  40. Bones • The living bones in our bodies use oxygen and give off waste products in metabolism. They contain active tissues that consume nutrients, require a blood supply and change shape or remodel in response to variations in mechanical stress. • 206 Bones in a mature adult • One of the strongest materials. It can withstand compression twice as much as granite and stretching forces 4 times as well as concrete.

  41. Periosteum • A fibrous sheath that coats and protects the outer surface of bones • Role: Main function is to provide nourishment and sensation to the bone • Blood supply • Nerve endings • Foramina

  42. Ossification • The human skeleton is composed of 300 bones at birthand by the time adulthood is reached, some bones have fused together to give a total of 206 bones in the body. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 30.

  43. Trabeculae, Latin trabs=beam

  44. homework for This Week • Simblet, pages 10—27 • Gather reference photos for • Project 1: Head and Neck Overlay • Image: Brian Ewing

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