Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 Illegal Drugs and Terrorism

2. Drug Statistics • An estimated 2.8 millions Americans are dependent on illegal drugs. • Americans spent $64 billion for illegal drugs in 2000. • Total economic cost to society in 2000 was $160 billion. • In 2000 there were 11,651 drug-related deaths in 40 U.S. metropolitan areas.

3. Seven Categories of Drugs • Central Nervous System Depressants • Central Nervous System Stimulants • Narcotic Analgesics • Hallucinogens • Phencyclidine • Cannabis • Inhalents

4. Most Commonly Used Drugs • Cocaine • Codeine • Crack • Heroin • Marijuana • Morphine • Opium

5. Crack • A.k.a. rock or crack rock • Mix cocaine with baking soda and water, heat solution in a pan, dry and split it into pellet-size bits or chunks • Vials sell for $10 to $25 each • Smoked in glass pipes • Experience a rapid high • Much cheaper than cocaine • 10 times the impact of cocaine

6. Effects of Crack on the Body • Brain: creates a craving, irritability, euphoria followed by severe depression, convulsions, sleeplessness, inability to feel normal pleasures, paranoia, psychosis, and a suicidal tendency. • Heart: increases heart rate and blood pressure, which can result in arrhythmia or heart attack. • Lungs: causes similar damage to emphysema. • Throat: causes sore throat and hoarseness. • Skin: creates sensation of bugs crawling on skin. • Appetite: reduces appetite  malnutrition.

7. Heroin • Synthesized from morphine • 10 times more powerful than morphine • Addictive and expensive • Causes easing of fears, followed by euphoria, and finally stupor • South American heroin dominates the U.S. market

8. Marijuana • Classified as a narcotic, depressant, and hallucinogen • More than 83 million Americans have tried it at least once • Street names: grass, herb, marry Jane, mj, pot, reefer, and weed • Outlawed by the Federal Marijuana and Tax Act of 1927

9. Methamphetamine • Synthetic Stimulant made from toxic chemicals • Taken by snorting, smoking, swallowing, or injecting • Typical users: high school and college students and the working class • Tweaker: methamphetamine addict • Street names: blue mollies, chalk, crank, crystal, glass, go-fast, ice, LA glass, meth, methlies Quick, Mexican Quick, quartz, Sheba, sketch, speed, stovetop, West Coast, and yellow bam

10. Club Drugs • Ecstacy (MDMA) • Rohypnol (date rape drug/roofies) • GHB • LSD (acid) • 2C-B or Nexus

11. Drug Addict • “Any person who habitually uses any habit-forming narcotic drug so as to endanger the public morals, health, safety or welfare, or who is or has been so far addicted to the use of habit-forming narcotic drugs as to have lost the power of self-control with reference to the addiction.”

12. Symptoms of Drug Abuse • Sudden changes in discipline and job performance • Unusual degree of activity or inactivity • Sudden, irrational outbursts • Significant deterioration in appearance • Dilated pupils or wearing sunglasses at inappropriate times or places • Needle marks or razor cuts or constant wearing of long sleeves to hide such marks • Sudden attempts to borrow money or to steal • Frequent association with known drug abusers/dealers

13. Physical Evidence of Possession or Use of Controlled Substances • Actual drugs • Apparatus associated with their use • The suspect’s appearance and behavior • Urine and Blood tests

14. Establishing Probable Cause • Knowledge of the suspect’s criminal record • Observing other people making contact with the suspect and finding drugs on them • Knowing of the suspect’s past relationships with other drug users or sellers • Observing actions of the suspect that indicate a drug buy • Informants

15. Undercover Agents • Be thoroughly conversant with the language of the user and seller • Know the street prices of drugs • Have a tight cover • Talk little and listen much • Observe without being noticed • Devise an excuse to avoid using the drugs • Work within the seller’s system • Avoid dangerous situations

16. Drug-Dealer Officer Dynamics Money Drugs Officer Freedom

17. Investigative Aids • DMAP’s Automated Pin Map • DEA’s National Drug Pointer Index (NDPIX) • Minibuster • Dogs • Drug-sniffing pot-bellied pigs • Mechanical Sniffers • High-accuracy laser rangefinder

18. Terrorism Defined • “The use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom” – Terrorism Research Center • “The unlawful use of force or violence against person or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives” - FBI

19. Typologies of Terrorists • Ideologically motivated • Theologically motivated • Politically motivated • Psychologically dangerous • Delusional • Sociopaths • Seeking revenge for personal benefit

20. Types of Terrorism • Eco-terrorism • Cyberterrorism • Technological terrorism • Bioterrorism

21. Terrorists • Extremely focused • Targets are selected for a particular purpose, as is the method of attack • Extremely committed • Team-oriented, operate in cells, often unaware of the activities or existence of other cells within the same organization • Highly disciplined • Highly trained • Attack-oriented

22. Elements of Terrorism • Criminal in Nature • Targets are typically symbolic • Terrorists’ actions are always aggressive and often violent • Terrorists’ purpose is to communicate

23. Approaches to Investigation • Develop a heightened awareness of extremist ideologies • Learn to identify extremists in the field • Watch for extremists/terrorists events • Train officers to protect themselves from these individuals in the field • Be aware that terrorism is happening