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Fractures

Faults Joints. Fractures. Joint sets. Group of joints parallel joints Have common origin. Rib mark. Recognizing joints. Lack of offset Joint surface textures Hackle Origin Plumose Rib Marks Fringe Joints. Surface textures Mineralization Shape Orientation Length Aperture

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Fractures

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  1. Faults • Joints Fractures

  2. Joint sets • Group of joints parallel joints • Have common origin

  3. Rib mark Recognizing joints • Lack of offset • Joint surface textures • Hackle • Origin • Plumose • Rib Marks • Fringe Joints

  4. Surface textures Mineralization Shape Orientation Length Aperture Path or trace pattern Characterization of Single Joints Courtesy of Zion National Park

  5. Recognizing Joint Sets • Single joint set parallel and evenly spaced • Multiple sets form a system

  6. Abutting relationships • Which set is youngest?

  7. Characterization of Joint Sets • Orientation • Typical joint length • Density/spacing • Relation among sets • Lateral extent • Individual joint interactions Joints at Arches National Park

  8. Polygonal Joints • Cooling basalts and drying mud • ‘Y’ intersections

  9. Veins, sills and dikes • Also features with opening separation

  10. Petit et al, JSG Anti-opening cracks? • Stylolites • Compaction Bands

  11. Mapping Fractures Map and analysis by Ze’ev Reches

  12. Myers and Aydin, 2004, JSG Gross, 1995, GSA Bull Map relation of fractures to other structures • Joints • Folds • Faults • Stratigraphy • Faults • Folds • Stratigraphy

  13. 3D Conceptualization Outcrop Conceptualization fracture termination fracture Fractured Rock Mass Moenave Fm. in Utah

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