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Kingdom Fungi. Fungi Kingdom contains:. Molds Mildews Rusts & Smuts Yeasts Mushrooms. Ecological Roles. Decomposers Parasites Mutualistic symbionts. Trophic Level. Saprophytic Parasitic . Indian Pipe is saprophytic. Fungal Roles.
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Fungi Kingdom contains: • Molds • Mildews • Rusts & Smuts • Yeasts • Mushrooms
Ecological Roles • Decomposers • Parasites • Mutualistic symbionts
Trophic Level • Saprophytic • Parasitic Indian Pipe is saprophytic
Fungal Roles • Break down organic material returning nutrients to the soil. • Yeasts are useful in the making of bread and fermented drinks. • Human pathogens e.g. athlete's foot and ringworm.
External Digestion Extra-cellular digestion occurs by secreting enzymes into environment and absorbing the nutrients produced.
Fungal Parts Hypha - the vegetative filament Septum - perforated cross walls Mycelium - a mat of interwoven hyphae
Why aren’t fungi classified as plants? • Non-photosynthetic (Heterotrophic) • Fungi cell walls are made of chitin • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose • Fungi store their food as glycogen (like animals) Plants and green algae store their food as starch
Life Cycle • Begins as a spore that grows when conditions are right • Out of the spore wall grows a hypha • The body of the fungus is made up of hyphal threads collectively called the mycelium • The mycelium grows in soil or within dead wood or living organisms • When growing conditions are favorable, the mycelium develops fruiting bodies, e.g. mushrooms • Fruiting bodies produce new spores.
Types of Asexual Reproduction • Forming spores at the end of the hyphae. • Fragmentation- If the hyphe are broken, the pieces will grow into complete new organisms. • Yeasts reproduce by an asexual process called budding. In this process, the yeast cell pinches itself off to produce a small offspring cell.
Sexual Reproduction • Each of the four divisions of fungi have different forms of sexual reproduction
Fungal Classification • Chitridiomycota – Primitive flagellates • Zygomycota - Common bread mold • Basidiomycota - Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, and stinkhorns • Ascomycota-Mildews, yeasts, and truffles (sac fungi) • Deuteromycota – Ringworm, athletes foot
Chitridiomycota • Most primitive group • Aquatic parasites (may be responsible for global decline in amphibians) • Only Fungi with flagella
Zygomycota • Hyphae lack septa • Asexual reproduction is by conjugation
Basidiomycota • Underground hyphae intertwine and grow upward to produce a mushroom. • A "fairy ring" is actually a single organism. As the hyphae expand outward, the mushrooms grow around the outer edge. As long as the organism survives, the circle of mushrooms will be wider every year.
Ascomycota • Largest group of fungi • Named for the reproductive sacs or Asci that form near the tips of the hyphae. • Ascospores are formed here and released into the air when the ascus ruptures. • These spores germinate to form new hyphae.
Yeast Candida albicans
Deuteromycota Tinea Pedis Tinea corporis onychomycosis
Fungal Symbiosis • Over 90% of plants have fungi associated with their roots. • The fungus absorbs and concentrates phosphates for delivery to the plant roots. • In return, the fungus receives sugars synthesized by the plant during photosynthesis.
Lichens • A symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, usually green algae. • The fungi hyphae provide protection and hold moisture while the photosynthetic partner provides food.
Lichens • Green color is because of the green algae cells growing between the hyphae of the fungus. • The grey is a lichen • The orange is a fungus without algae